Summary of the Tyler Rational

The Tyler Rationale: this is a model of curriculum and instruction development. This model is eclectic; it draws from the social aspect of Dewey: incorporating the society, subject matter and the learner to create learning experiences. It also has behavioral aspects drawn from Thorndike and others expressed through the emphasis on changing student behavior; judging behavior helps to monitor internal growth or aspects of the mind not overtly seen. This model addresses four (4) basic questions. 1. What educational purposes should the school seek to attain?Three sources should be used for identifying objectives: The learner – these are identified through interviews, observations and tests. †¢The society – community life should be classified into categories vocation, recreation, religion etc†¦ and develop objectives for each †¢The subject matter – the subject to be taught must be examined to identify more objectives which encompass the content and skil ls which must be taught. The objectives are then screened (through the use of philosophies and psychologies of learning) and the most important ones. All objectives should be stated clearly (simple terms) and concisely. 2.What educational experiences can be provided to attain these purposes? After the selection of objectives learning experiences should be selected; which actively promote the acquisition of these objectives. Tyler defines a learning experience as â€Å"interaction between the learner and the external conditions in the environment with which he can interact† Deweyean influence). Major effectors of the learning experience †¢The interaction between the person and the environment †¢Behavioral psychology (evident in the way objectives are stated) Criteria for developing learning experiences They should allow the student to practice the behavior implied by the objective. †¢Students should obtain satisfaction from the learning experience.†¢The exp erience should be appropriate to the student’s background. Categories of learning experiences: †¢Development of thinking skills †¢Acquisition of information †¢Development of social attitudes †¢Development of student interest 3. How can these educational experiences be effectively organized? †¢Tyler suggest that learning experiences can be organized by: †¢Continuity – the recurring opportunity to learn various skills (maybe at different grade levels). Sequence – the exposure to experiences which build upon each other. †¢Integration – this encompasses skills which cross discipline/subject. 4. How can we determine whether these purposes are being attained? †¢The curriculum must be evaluated by judging the learning outcomes against the original objectives. ?The first step is to focus on changes in human behavior. oPretests must be used to determine students’ original state before learning. oTests are then adminis tered to determine whether student performance increases in the designated areas. oAll evaluation procedures must relate to the original object.They must be reliable – or actually measure what they are expected to measure (curriculum standards). The Tyler effect has several criticisms. One concerning criticism identified by kliebard was that evaluation was tied so closely to the original objectives; it makes it impossible to identify unexpected outcomes. It narrows the focus of evaluation to only the achievement of the objectives. Therefore the significance of philosophy and other critical factors which are integrated have no way to be evaluated; and to ultimately determine the efficacy of their implementation. One question left to bear:What is the real difference between learning activities and learning experiences? In the revision Tyler collaborated with Leyton Soto and distinguishes learning experiences and learning activities. Learning experiences consist of behaviors tha t are written into objectives; while learning activities are behaviors in which the learner engages to achieve particular objectives. In this case shouldn’t the main concern be the objective and both the activity and experience tools to achieving it? Which comes first? Aren’t the learning activities the display of the same behavior expected in the objectives?

Thw Woman Who Had Two Navels

Characters Connie Escobar- the lead female character, was described by literary critic Epifanio San Juan as a sufferer of her mother’s estrangement from a world where unconfident males take advantage of women by violating them or by venerating them. Macho Escobar- a man who had an affair with Connie’s mother, a past incident that serves as an â€Å"umbilical cord† or â€Å"umbilicus†, a remnant connected to her present and future because of her refusal to leave the issue in the past.Manolo Vidal- is the embodiment of the Filipino nationalistic bourgeois who were once critical of the theocracy of the Spaniards but became transformed puppets and servants of these colonialists. Paco Texeira- was a survivor between the behaviors of the Monson and Vidal families, and also acted as Nick Joaquin’s â€Å"conscience†, an observer who could have penetrated the existing rituals and ruses. Concha Borromeo- she is the mother of Connie Escobar. Esteban Bor romeo- he is the husband of Concha Borromeo. Father Tony- A priest, and the brother of Pepe Monson.Pepe Monson- A horse Doctor and the brother of Father Tony. Doctor Monson- A former rebel hiding in Hong Kong to avoid postwar trials. Rita Lopez – The future wife of Paco Texeria and Business partner of Hellen Silva's painting shop. Hellen Silva- A owner of a painting shop. Author Nicomedes Marquez Joaquin A Filipino writer, historian and journalist, best known for his short stories and novels in the English language. He also wrote using the pen name Quijano de Manila. Joaquin was conferred the rank and title of National Artist of the Philippines for Literature.He is considered most important Filipino writer in English, and the third most important overall, after Jose Rizal and Claro M. Recto. Joaquin was born in Paco, Manila, one of ten children of Leocadio Joaquin, a colonel under General Emilio Aguinaldo in the 1896 Revolution, and Salome Marquez, a teacher of English and Sp anish. After being read poems and stories by his mother, the boy Joaquin read widely in his father's library and at the National Library of the Philippines. By then, his father had become a successful lawyer after the revolution. From reading, Joaquin became interested in writing.At age 17, Joaquin had his first piece published, in the literary section of the pre-World War II Tribune, where he worked as a proofreader. It was accepted by the writer and editor Serafin Lanot. After Joaquin won a nationwide essay competition to honor La Naval de Manila, sponsored by the Dominican Order, the University of Santo Tomas awarded him an honorary Associate in Arts (A. A. ). They also awarded him a scholarship to St. Albert's Convent, the Dominican monastery in Hong Kong. Some of his awards are: Ten Most Outstanding Young Men of the Philippines (TOYM), Awardee for Literature (1955)National Artist Award (1976). Stonehill Award for the Novel (1960) Jose Garcia Villa's Honor Roll (1940) S. E. A. W rite Award (1980) Joaquin died of cardiac arrest in the early morning of April 29, 2004, at his home in San Juan, Metro Manila. He was then editor of Philippine Graphic magazine where he worked with Juan P. Dayang, who was the magazine's first publisher. Joaquin was also publisher of its sister publication, Mirror Weekly, a women’s magazine. He also wrote the column (â€Å"Small Beer†) for the Philippine Daily Inquirer and Isyu, an opinion tabloid. Nick Joaquin SummaryIn the of the story, it started when Connie went to Pepe's place for consultation. The problem of Connie is how to remove her other navel. Because if she (if ever) give birth, where would the other umbilical cord be connected. Connie told Pepe the story about her child hood times. Pepe talked to Seniora de Vidal, and everything that Seniora de Vidal told Pepe exactly the opposite of what Connie told Pepe. Some things that Seniora de Vidal told Pepe, was that Connie only have a navel, her navel was not rea lly two. Also the age, which Seniora de Vidal said that Connie was just 18 years old.And she was not just got married that day, but she was married almost a year already. Pepe know that Connie hide from her after hearing that Seniora de Vidal ordinary that her father was in news and that controversies often comes when her father is in the government. Connie's mom told her not to be affected with the controversies. After that, Seniora de Vidal also told Pepe that her daughter likes Paco. Pepe knows Paco because they were classmates during they are in Grade School. After talking with Seniora de Vidal, Pepe went to Texeria's after.They talked and Pepe discovered that Paco was in Manila, he writes Mary a lot of letters about Connie's Mother. Paco was in manila with his band to play and sing in two different clubs, they had already signed contracts. Paco became interested with Manila, while Seniora de Vidal became interested with Hong Kong. The even talked an said, they would meet often and know each others countries. One time, Connie's mom was not around their house, and Paco met Connie. Starting that time, Connie started watching Paco and his band playing for the club. Until one they, there were few people fighting and one of them got shot.Connie was there and she was shocked. Paco with Connie went together to a Chinese Temple. Connie told Paco that she can talk to somebody else, Connie left him. After some weeks past by, Paco exited the club that he was playing for, and suddenly saw Connie's car in dark. They drove till they reach Paco's hotel. Paco went out of his hotel room and go away. After that happening, 2 days to be exact, Paco left Manila alone and went back to Hong Kong. Mary, Pepe, Paco went to the park and talked. After few hours, Mary went home ahead with her children.The two gentleman’s talk about Connie's two navel. They where wondering if it is true or not. After talking about it, Pepe went home while Paco was left in the park. When we came home, he saw his father who was supposed to be in Manila. His father was very unusual that time and cannot answer most of Paco's questions. Tony his brother and Rita, who he is engage to, went to Paco's house because their father was their. They ate together and his father went to his room earlier that other. They were all thinking what happened to their father when he was still in Manila.He wasn't able to answer their questions and he went to Hong kong earlier than what is expected. The only this he saw in the room was the dirty run that was full of dust. Pepe gave up of figuring up things and went away. in In the next chapter, Rita Lopez and Hellen Silva's painting shop. The phone rang and the person on the phone was Pepe and ask Rita to go to a dinner with Mary and Paco. Hellen told Rita it was sweet but Rita said, it was all Mary's idea. Rita wanted to go home and change clothes but Pepe told him that they will be going straight to Rita's shop.So Rita has to just stay in her sh op and not to change clothes. So they went to ride a ferry going to a Disco club in Tovarich. They went there to see one good band playing in Tovarich. Pete Alfonso went near them in the bar and talk to them. And ask a drink with them, Paco ask Pete Alfonso why there where no singer and pianist. So he answer and said they ran away and need a replacement. So Paco applied and was accepted to start the next day. Next, Rita asked Pepe to dance with her but Pepe told him he was too full to dance. Pepe ask someone who was siting across them awhile ago and said it was Vidal.After talking, Pepe ask permission to Rita if she can go to the balcony, Pepe went to the balcony to talk with Connie Escobar. Pepe went back to Rita and told them to go home first because he is going to talk to someone. So Connie Escobar drive Pepe very fast but Pepe said stop and went away. But after minutes pass by, Pepe went back to the car. Then Connie told Pepe stories and at last, the arrived at the hotel. Connie kissed Pepe on his cheeks and go to her room. But, Connie went back to Pepe and ask him to bring her to other places. Pepe ask her why and she said, because his husband is up their.Pepe told her, why should you get worried. Connie told him that Macho has other girls, the worst thing about it was, her own mother Concha de Vidal was the girl of his husband. Connie saw the letters of her mother to Macho. So Pepe help her and brought her to his wife's place. Connie ask Pepe to tell Macho that she was just sick, she don't like to go there. Pepe told that to Macho, Macho ask Pepe if Connie is alright, and ask him if he is a doctor, Pepe told him he was not a doctor. So Macho ask him to get Connie one, Macho was asking and asking Pepe where Connie is but Pepe didn't tell him because it was what Connie ask him to do.When Pepe was to leave Macho's room, Macho stop him and told the story of how he and Connie got married. Macho became emotional, while the story was on going. Macho's father wa s stroke and after a few days, Macho's father died. So Macho has to take care of their business and their â€Å"hacienda†. As Pepe went home, just daylight before Rita awoke. Rita didn't saw Connie in the sofa. The next chapter started when it was New Year in Hong Kong. Paco and his band perform in Tovarich. Everybody there was having a lot of fun. In the convent of St Andrew, Father Tony was planning to teach novices different languages.But he had a visitor, it was Seniora de Vidal. She told Father Tony that Connie was starting to invent stories. She knows that Connie hated her because she as Father Tony to convince her to go back to his husband Macho. After hearing the story, Father Tony was confused and felt very uncomfortable. After that, Father Tony when to the club to talk to Pepe, Rita, Paco & Mary. He told them everything that Seniora de Vidal told him, there Paco hated them more. Later that night, Concha remembers when she first met his husband Esteban Borromeo. A Handsome boy, a good painter, and an activist she fell n love with and who she married. After Esteban died, she met and married her latest husband, Mr. Vidal. That night, Concha ask Father Tony to go to her car. They talk everything about Concha's past and about Connie. Then Tony and Pepe went home and they saw Connie standing infront of their door. They try to talk with her, to forgive whatever her mother did to her. And try to start a new life, and told her she only have one navel. And it was just her imagination. Then Connie started to tease Father Tony and Pepe to look if she really has two navels.The next chapter is about what happen to the Connie's life. How she want to destroy her parents. How she hated her husband Macho and can't forgive him. How she sees the world as an evil world, trying to live in a make believe world. Connie can't accept to accept the really world. While Connie was on the top of the peak. She recalled everything that happened and felt hated that is ins ide her heart, her mothers and his fathers. She remember the times when she always says that her father and mother are bad, and not her. She felt soared but still, cannot accept the truth.After a while, she went to the Monastery. When she was in the Monastery and got inside, she wanted to talk to Father Tony but is was an older father who approach her. They had confrontation of what Connie really felt. The father showed her that she was bad. But whatever the Father told her, she always believe that she is not bad. V. Setting Nick Joaquin's â€Å"The Woman Who Had Two Navels† revolved around the upper middle class expatriates' consciousness during the American period of colonization. It portrayed every character's struggle to maintain their â€Å"selves† in a foreign setting like Hongkong.It can also be defined as coming to terms with the political consciousness during that period. The novel also contained mixtures of hatred, love, anger, insecurities, and sufferings th at manifest in the realities of life making the flow of the story more provocative and appealing to the audience. The title of the novel excited my curiosity; that's why it took me a long time to analyze and think the interpretations that I have to use to show its significance. The story started with Connie, a daughter of a wealthy politician. Connie portrayed herself as a person with two navels.Literally, when a woman has two navels, this means that she has two umbilical cords. The navel is the shortened umbilical cord – usually removed when a person is born. But it is not possible because if a person has two umbilical cords, he is a preternatural being – a mutant. Connie, pretending that she has two navels may refer to the â€Å"rebirths† that she underwent. The first rebirth was escaping from her mother's evil clutches since she was an unwanted child – always ostracized and continuously suffered from the ghosts of the past that haunted her.Let us not a lso forget her inability to deal with her life due to parental constrictions and the love affair of her husband Macho and her mother that made her feel miserable at some points in her life. The second rebirth refers to her awakening, herself realization and emancipation as a woman. She learned to face reality and accepted the truth. In my point of view, her reason why she pretended to have two navels is that she wanted to forget everything about her, to be different so that another personality will reside and dwell on her.

In instructon Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

In instructon - Assignment Example First, however, will be my passive involvement of watching training sessions in order to determine the activity to which I shall commit. My follow up plans will include monitoring my attendance, with the aim of attending at least 70 percent of training sessions per month. Setting timed-based achievement goals, in competitions, and identifying an accountability partner are other follow up plans on getting involved. The Community Connection aims at establishing a link between students and Terre Haute citizens and I plan to be involved in the organization’s community initiatives and meetings. I shall follow through getting involved by learning interpersonal relations skills, being updated on the organization’s activities, and recording each activity that I attend and those that I miss. I shall then evaluate my participation, based on response rates of other members, with the aim of ensuring that my involvement is above average response frequency of all members. Friends of Friend however aims and developing social relations and I plan to get involved through making friends and connecting people for social ties. I will join the organization, identify the most popular people in it, and try to make friends with the people and their associated. I shall also monitor my progress in making and retaining

Why men exercise more than women Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Why men exercise more than women - Research Paper Example Further, boys tend to experiment a lot. They like emulating their parents, teachers, and other people surrounding them. The boys get themselves into trouble most of the time in school because they are more active than girls who play verbal games in smaller groups (News Staff, 2009). However, Parents experience more rough play with boys than girls during childhood. Parents have been experiencing more problems controlling boys than girls because of their active nature and experimentation. Boys form larger groups than girls and engage in active sports unlike girls who are interested in verbal and passive games. During puberty, boys tend to be more active than girls in that they exercise more often and vigorously than girls. In addition, men engage in activities that are more masculine. At this age, boys tend to explore and adventure for in activities such as camping, mountain climbing, bicycle racing, hunting, and playing football in larger groups. Consequently, single men are more acti ve than single women; most single men exercise more than single women who most of the times engage in passive leisure activities like going out with friends, gossiping, watching television, and chatting on social media. Single men exercise vigorously in the gym and even outside the gym. Married men exercise more than women, and they are more vigorous during their exercise. At this stage, men really exercise and they are less active than women. However, Parents experience more rough play with boys.

Communications plan Of kelloggs Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Communications plan Of kelloggs Company - Essay Example Enactment of new tariffs or changes by the same also affects the company performance and its general financial position. Changes in the existing taxes also affect Kellogg's operations since; there will be an increase in the expenses of the company (Boehlje, Krause & United States, 2001, 13). This poses a challenge for the Company because it has to find ways of increasing its revenues in order to cover up the expenses. In addition, political unrests and terrorist attacks in the Unites States also affect the flow of work in the company. For instance, terrorist attacks will normally lead to massive losses due to fall in the demand of foodstuffs. However, it is not all times that the political environment will create challenges for the company. At times it also creates opportunities for the company. For instance, when the government creates trading opportunities in the economy, or creates new investments in the country. The country is able to increase its revenue by taking advantage of s uch investments (Boyce,  2002, 32). The economic environment of the company also has a great impact on the company’s operations. Economic downturns affect the consumer demand of the products being offered by the company (Kellogg’s, 2008, 9). This is because; consumers will only be attracted to buy products which are lowly or averagely priced, but not highly priced. Therefore, economic problems such as inflation or increase in prices also affects the company’s financial statements due increase in the expenses. For instance, increase in the prices of raw materials, fuel and labor costs, increases the production costs of the company. Kellogg’s company mostly uses agricultural products such as wheat, corn and sugar. Therefore, any slight price increases in the agricultural market pose a challenge to its operations. In addition, shortages in labor, and the general inflationary pressures in the economy increase the labor costs of the company. Social/cultural effects mainly involve effects arising from the reaction of the customers. Kellogg’s Company produces products which directly affect customers since; the products involve direct consumption by the public (Kellogg's, 2008, 8). Therefore, the company has the duty to produce high quality products which will not have adverse effects on the customers’ health. Therefore, the company has to check on the safety and quality of its products. The ingredients used in the food products also have to vary depending on the culture of the target group. This is due to the fact that; different cultures consume different foods and despise different foods too (Peterson,  2004, 15). Competition is also a factor that greatly affects the operations of Kellogg’s Company because; the company operates in a highly competitive industry, the food industry (Kellogg's, 2008, 7). There are many other businesses that are engaged in the supply of fast foods and ready-to-eat cereals. Most of the se businesses also have strong financial positions and thus they are highly competitive. Therefore, Kellogg’s also has to improve its operations in order to match up the challenge posed by its competitors (West,  2001, 41). Technology is also a factor that affects the company immensely. This is because; technological failures would disrupt its operations since; the company greatly relies on information technology to store and transfer data. For instance, its inventory management system is electronic and thus, it highly

The Value of my fee Dollars Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Value of my fee Dollars - Research Paper Example at the initial stage, and revenue account for meeting repetitive expenses like salaries, maintenance, student grants/concessions etc. plus projects involving capital expenditure but financed by revenue receipts. Initial capital expenditure is met by raising funds from investors, while revenue expenditure is met by the fees paid by students. Laws enacted under the Utah Constitution provide for issue of bonds for higher education capital projects. For example, Chapter 22, Section 107 deals with ‘class room/physical education facility’ and Section 109 deals with ‘science/major industry building’ for Salt Lake College Community (Utah Code, 2010). chemicals, toiletry etc., to name a few, and these are used by the staff and students. Common facilities like libraries, auditoria, stadia and student/staff rooms require regular upkeep and maintenance. Repair and maintenance of buildings, laboratories and other facilities forms another important item of routine expenditure in order that these facilities are maintained properly and kept up-to-date to attract both faculty and students. One important part of the fee structure in my University is the component that is set apart to service the debt obligations – payment of principal and interest components. The State Board of Regents is authorized to issue revenue bonds on behalf of the Salt Lake College Community to finance ‘construction and maintenance of major capital facilities’ and ‘capital projects of auxiliary enterprises’ under Sections 107 and 109 of Chapter 22 of the Utah Constitution (Utah Code). Such projects are financed by the student building fees, net auxiliary operating revenues and interest earned (Director, Accounts). As explained by the Director, Accounts, the total fee paid by a student includes among other things, fees for tuition, building debt, technology, athletics, transport, activity etc. My college raised funds by issuing revenue

Karl Marx - Capital Ch 24 Sec 1 Ch 25 Sections 1-4 Essay

Karl Marx - Capital Ch 24 Sec 1 Ch 25 Sections 1-4 - Essay Example The worker is purely the actor through whom the means of production acquire value. In Chapter 25 of Capital, Marx states that, â€Å"The mass of the means of production which (the worker) thus transforms, increases with the productiveness of his labor† (Marx, 682). The â€Å"mass† in question – to use Marx’s own example, the raw material labor transforms into yarn – represents a fundamentally industrial process that is ossified, a carefully preserved scenario to which Marx failed to ascribe the eventuality of progressive change. Darwinian theorist though he was, Marx appears to have reckoned without the process of evolution, which is surely as pervasive and dynamic in the field of economics as it is in the anthropological study of man’s development. Industrial revolution has given way to industrial evolution, yielding a far more complex and sophisticated labor paradigm than could possibly be accounted for in Marx’s Name 2 equation. Mar x does address the â€Å"division of labor in manufacture,† proposing that â€Å"with the use of machinery, more raw material is worked up in the same time, and, therefore, a greater mass of raw material and auxiliary substances enter in the labour-process† (682).

Compare and contrast Hobbes' and Locke's account of the state of Essay

Compare and contrast Hobbes' and Locke's account of the state of nature - Essay Example This means that the conclusions formed by traditional theories of natural law could not be applied to a larger frame of society. In this regard, the only thinker who came with an opposite view was Thomas Hobbes. He maintained that humans are not animal natured. In particular, humans are sophisticated systems which can be further discussed in a cause and effect manner. As it notes, â€Å"For such is the nature of man, that howsoever they may acknowledge many others to be more witty, or more eloquent, or more learned; Yet they will hardly believe there be many so wise as themselves: For they see their own wit at hand, and other mens at a distance (Hobbes, 1651, p. 159).† It becomes easy to understand that Hobbes believed that each and every action that is undertaken by human is aroused due to a number of mechanical processes which are noted in human body. These actions or functions being taken in a human body can only be understood with the help of core systematic design. This i ncludes nervous system, breathing system etc. that causes a human being to feel sensation and exhale when in fear respectively. Hobbes in his book Leviathan exclaimed that pain and fear are caused when there is an internal appetite to feel it. The nervous system, in particular, provokes a human to understand his or her need regarding asking for something that can allow him with self-satisfaction. On the other hand, John Locke has provided a very easy to understand viewpoint regarding human nature. Hobbes have understood human nature in a very systematic manner that goes in the flow to raise a point that human are not animal natured. Locke has given a logic regarding human nature stating that humans are basically depending on the mobility and solidity. In simpler words, it can be said that humans are creations by God. This is rather a very strong statement that notes God to be the sole owner of humans if considered as property. It is basically that stance of God towards human where t hey are given a free path to exercise their liberty and take actions against or for their health. Locke has marked that humans basically tend to build their environment out of rationality. This is the major difference between the thinking processes of both the sociological theorists (Hobbes and Locke). Locke also mentioned that all humans are in a concert to achieve higher and grasp the finest as per their own participation to a political community. Formation of Common Wealth Formation of common wealth as a notion explained by Hobbes maintains that humans can never co-exist in a society. It is due to this reason that there needs to be a system above all that will record their behaviors and put limits. Hobbes has discussed his view of formation of common wealth by contrasting it to animal kingdom. He stated that animals are able to live together society without any sovereign power that is able to record their behavior and systemize their behaviors. There can never be a strong governm ent to be implemented within a human society. This is why humans are meant to remain in an agonized state (Hobbes, 1651). There are mainly three aspects that have caused the humans to get aware of their ability to form common wealth. It states with the competition that is among all humans despite understanding the need of being with each other. Secondly, it is the diffidence which is considerably a major reason for which

A Story Review from the 16th Century Essay Example for Free

A Story Review from the 16th Century Essay CHARACTERS: THE KING THE EARL OF CORNWALL SIR HUGH LACY, Earl of Lincoln. ROWLAND LACY, otherwise disguised as HANS, nephew of Sir Hugh Lacy ASKEW, another nephew of Sir Hugh Lacy SIR ROGER OATELEY, Lord Mayor of London. Master HAMMON, Master WARNER and Master SCOTT: Citizens of London. SIMON EYRE, the Shoemaker. ROGER, commonly called Hodge, a Journeyman of Simon Eyre FIRK, another journeyman of Simon Eyre RALPH, another Journeyman of Simon Eyre LOVELL, a courtier. DODGER, servant to The Earl of Lincoln A DUTCH SKIPPER. A BOY. ROSE, daughter of Sir Roger, the love interest of Rowland Lacy SYBIL, the maid of Rose MARGERY, wife of Simon Eyre JANE, wife of Ralph SETTING: London and Old Ford, England, as it happened in the 16th century PLOT DEVELOPMENT: With the different sub-plots evolving in The Shoemaker’s Holiday, the central plot is about the desperate love between Rowland Lacy and Rose Oateley.     And they defied the odds:   Rowland did not obey his uncle the Earl of Lincoln to go to war and Rose rejected the arranged marriage with Master Hammon, who is of wealth and nobility from London.     Sir Roger thought Rowland went to war.   Instead, Rowland apparently went to study shoemaking in Germany. He eventually went back to London; disguised himself as Hans a Dutch shoemaker and worked for Simon Eyre, a shoe shop owner and a real shoemaker.   Rowland and Rose went through the maze of re-discovering each other; plotting ways and means to be secretly married; and surmounting the ire and the vehemence of their respectively opposing families.   With the backdrop of the rise of Simon Eyre from being a simple man to achieving success and wealth, such paved the way for eventual happy conclusion of the fulfillment of the love of Rowland and Rose. SYMBOLISM: The Shoemaker’s Holiday generally illustrated basic features of the paradoxes in life:   unrequited love vis-à  -vis the determination to achieve its fulfillment; difference in social standing vis-à  -vis sustaining integrity of an individual inspite of any variance; applying duplicity and deceit to achieve a noble objective; how success can come and test humanness. In analyzing the various plots of The Shoemaker’s Holiday, Conover (1969) said:   â€Å"Achievement, promotion, advancement of all kinds are pictured in the play. For several of the characters in the play Simon Eyre is instrumental to success. The shoemakers, too, rise up the social scale – and Eyre tells them that opportunity is open to all.   Simon Eyre is, of course, the central example of the opportunities for success.   As he rises from shoemaker to Alderman, rich man, Sheriff, and Lord Mayor†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.[though the] main plot has to do with the love of young Lacy and the mayors daughter, most critics consider the Eyre action to be central in the play.† With such positive characteristic of the play, it is interesting to note that the author Thomas Dekker conversely led a nearly unknown life of deprivation.   He was constantly in debt and was in and out of prison for his inability to meet his obligations. As reviewed by The Harvard Classics:   â€Å"The play is full of an atmosphere of pleasant mirth, varied with characteristic touches of pathos; and it contains in the figure of Simon Eyre a creation of marked individuality and hilarious humor. It is striking that the most high-spirited picture of London life in the time of Elizabeth should come from the pen of the author who seems to have been more hardly treated by fortune than any of his contemporaries.†Ã‚   (Eliot, 1909) Indeed the tenor of the story is honest and realistic.   All the struggles that came by have been met with acceptance and resolve:   to surpass and emerge as victorious.   The need to bridge differences and misunderstanding were sought.   The overall intention of the theme of the story is allowing the truth of love and dignity of individuality its own due course. In a review of the Early Modern Theatre of the Theatre Studies Department of Duke University, it was noted that:   â€Å"Fantasy and reality blur, giving the plot a surreal quality that would be appealing as a holiday play: wishes come true and hopes are fulfilled.   However, realities do not completely disappear in this drama, ‘they keep returning, unexpectedly, to interrupt, trouble, and question any easy reading that would entertain by way of ignorance or innocence the real cost of social mobility and fluidity that is necessary in a class-ridden society’†¦..Thomas Dekker wrote a drama for the citizens of London, and incorporated social issues and ideas that citizens would be interested in.† (Duke University, undated) HOW THE STORY REFLECTED THE ASPECTS OF THE 16TH CENTURY† It has been described that:   â€Å"Literary development in the earlier part of the 16th century was weakened by the diversion of intellectual energies to the polemics of the religious struggle †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. The English part in the European movement known as humanism also belongs to this time. Humanism encouraged greater care in the study of the literature of classical antiquity and reformed education in such a way as to make literary expression of paramount importance for the cultured person. Literary style, in part modeled on that of the ancients, soon became a self-conscious preoccupation of English poets and prose writers. Thus, the richness and metaphorical profusion of style at the end of the century indirectly owed much to the educational force of this movement. The most immediate effect of humanism lay, however, in the dissemination of the cultivated, clear, and sensible attitude of its classically educated adherents, who rejected medieval theological misteaching and superstition.   The school of thought known as humanism, promoted the revival of Greek and Roman artistic and philosophical models that celebrated the worth of the individual.† (MSN Encarta, 2007). Because of a re-invention of the literary style at that time, the common pursuits for greatness and distinctiveness surfaced amongst the writers of that time.   â€Å"The Elizabethan Era is the period associated with the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1558–1603) and is often considered to be a golden age in English history. It was the height of the English Renaissance, and saw the flowering of English literature and poetry. This was also the time during which Elizabethan theatre flourished and William Shakespeare, among others, composed plays that broke away from Englands past style of plays and theatre.† (Elizabethan Era, http://www.answers.com/topic/elizabethan-era) With such overall characteristics that prevailed during the 16th century, the aura of prosperity and practical domination and excellence in every aspect of life is exemplified in The Shoemaker’s Holiday.  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"London in the 16th century underwent a transformation. Its population grew 400% during the 1500s, swelling to nearly 200,000 people in the city proper and outlying region by the time an immigrant from Stratford came to town. A rising merchant middle class carved out a productive livelihood, and the economy boomed.†Ã‚   (Shakespeare Resource Center, 2008) The Shoemaker’s Holiday indeed encapsulated everything that is real and positive abounding in that period where new leaps in perspective about life and identity emerged. References: 16th Century Literary History.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://classiclit.about.com/od/16thcenturyinliterature/16th_Century_AD_Literary_History.htm Bellinger, M.F. (1927). â€Å"A Short History of the Drama† www.theatredatabase.com/17th_century/shoemakers_holiday.html Conover, J.H. (1969). The Shoemaker’s Holiday:   A Critical Commentary.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.geocities.com/magdamun/dekkerconover.html Early Modern Theatre, Theatre Studies Department, Duke University,   www.duke.edu/web/emt/student_projects/prentice/shoemakersholiday.html Eliot, C.W. (1909-14). The Harvard Classics. www.bartleby.com/47/1/. â€Å"Elizabethan England†.   2008.   Shakespeare Resource Centre   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.bardweb.net/england.html â€Å"Elizabethan Era†. http://www.answers.com/topic/elizabethan-era) English Literature, Microsoft ® Encarta ® Online Encyclopedia 2007 http://encarta.msn.com  © 1997-2007 Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved. French Literature, Microsoft ® Encarta ® Online Encyclopedia 2007 http://encarta.msn.com  © 1997-2007 Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved. The Shoemaker’s Holiday:   A Synopsis www.theatredatabase.com/17th_century/shoemakers_holiday.html An Abstract: Rowland Lacy, the nephew of Sir Hugh Lacy, the Earl of Lincoln, and Rose, the daughter of Sir Roger Oateley, the Lord Mayor of London are in love, but their families do not approve.     To separate them, Sir Roger sends Rose to the country, in Old Ford.   Sir Hugh sends Rowland to war in France.   Rowland disobeyed Sir Hugh and instead went to Germany and study shoemaking.   Rowland returns to London.   Disguised as a Dutch shoemaker, Rowland went to Simon Eyre, a shoe shop owner, for work and introduced himself as Hans.   Rowland and Simon sealed a very good friendship because when a cargo shipment at a very good price came up for sale, Rowland gave his war gift money to Simon to purchase the cargo.   This made Simon very wealthy.   Sir Hugh learned that Rowland is not in the war in France.   Meantime, Sir Roger was already arranging the marriage of Rose to Master Hammon, rich nobleman from London.   Rose vehemently refuses to marry Master Hammon. Meanwhile, Simon becomes the Sheriff of London and Sir Roger threw a party celebration for Simon in his house in Old Ford.   Simon and his shoemakers were invited.   During the dancing and merrymaking, Rose suspects that Hans is Rowland – inspite of Rowland talking in gibberish English to safeguard his disguise.   After the celebration, Rose and Sybil went to London.   Sybil asked Hans to take the shoe size of Rose and make a new pair of shoes. While Rowland and Rose are struggling for their love in the story, Simon has a journeyman named Ralph who was also sent to war.   Ralph is married to Jane.   Jane thought Ralph was killed in the war.   So she left off and no one knows of her whereabouts. Jane met Master Hammon – not knowing that a failed marriage arrangement transpired between Master Hammon and Rose.   So, Master Hammon was besotted to Jane and asked her to marry him.   Believing that Ralph is dead, Jane agreed and they were set to marry in St. Faith Church in London.   However, Jane wants the last gift of Ralph, a pair of shoes specially made for her, be duplicated to a brand new one to become her wedding shoes.   Master Hammon obliged and went to the shoe shop of Simon Eyre and ordered the duplication.   Meanwhile, Ralph returned to London because he was hurt in the war and was discharged.   Ralph returned to work with Simon and sadly learned that his wife left him for nowhere.    On that day that the shoe duplication for Jane was ordered, Ralph saw it and was therefore sure that it will lead her to his wife Jane.   Going back to the time when Rowland was taking the shoe size of Rose, Rowland had the chance to quietly and secretly instruct Rose to go to the house of Simon Eyre.   At this time, Simon became the new Mayor of London.   And as such, Simon could marry Rose and Rowland.   Eventually, Rose did so and they finally got married.   Sybil revealed the treachery of Rose and Rowland to Sir Roger and Sir Hugh.   But Sir Roger and Sir Hugh was told that the wedding will take place in the St. Faith Church. Whilst Sir Roger and Sir Hugh were on their way to St. Faith Church to take Rose from Rowland (as Hans), Ralph and with his shoemaker friends are already waiting in the church to take Jane from Master Hammon.  Ã‚   When Sir Roger and Sir Hugh arrived, it was a moment that Jane lovingly recognized her husband Ralph and apologized to Master Hammon for the cancellation of the wedding as she is still in love with Ralph.   Sir Roger and Sir Hugh were disgusted that they were seemingly duped because it was a different wedding that was suppose to transpire that moment.    Sir Hugh and Sir Roger nevertheless learned that Rowland and Rose are already married.   Sir Hugh and Sir Roger appealed to the King to nullify the marriage.   But King who has been enamoured with the antics and humanness of Simon as he treats his shoemaker workers fairly; he remains humble inspite of his wealth – worked out a solution to the enmity between the parents of Rowland and Rose and them.   The King divorced Rowland and Rose and re-married them and declared Rowland a knight just so the issue of differences in social standing come to an end.

Special Educational Needs Essay Example for Free

Special Educational Needs Essay In this essay will discuss the term Special Educational Needs, understanding of segregation, integration and inclusion, the importance of Warnock Report, development in policy since 1981,and the Medical and Social modules. The term Special Educational Needs in child development has a meaning of children who needs extra support. Early in 1700s in Britain term Special Educational Needs did not exist and it did not need to exist as children with Special Educational Needs were looked from their families or church. After the radical change as result of Industrial Revolution in Britain by mid 1800s special institution were created for every human ill. Education on children with Special Educational Needs began through individuals and charities; the first school to be opened was for children with visual impairments in Edinburgh 1976 by Thomas Braidwood he was followed by the school for blind in Liverpool opened by Henry Dannett, this schools however were nothing what we have now but still they made a difference for children in needs as they had very little contact with outside the world. In 1870 Foster Act – Education for all allowed all the children with Special Educational Needs to enter the main stream schools and their difficulties were recognised. Many of these children were experiencing difficulties in making progress and as a result of the elementary classes contain large number of pupils, and they were taught by teachers with no specific special educational trainings. They came to the point that children with SEN were unfit to include in the main stream schools. According to ‘Gibson and Blandford (2005) significantly the report’s recommendations included the integration of pupils with SEN into mainstream education. However, the level of integration indicated in the report was limited form of education provision for pupils with SEN; limited in those pupils although physically located in a mainstream setting, would have to adapt in order to fit the location and culture of established forms of teaching and learning’. In 1893 James Kerr was a medical officer for the Bradford School Board; his role was to assess children’s mental process and identify children that are not suitable for ordinary schools. Special Educational Needs incurred a high cost than ordinary provision. So most of the children were isolated in ordinary schools or received no schooling. Children with visual impairments from the age of five in 1889 should be provided with education and for children with hearing impairments should be taught by specialist teacher and those teachers should get paid more than mainstream teachers. Also in 1889 the commission recommended that each school should have a medical officer. In 1994 Education Act said that every child should receive education within primary, secondary and further education based on pupils age and all the local education authorities should meet the needs of handicapped children. In 1945 service regulations established 11 categories for handicap children. Inclusion is education that means approaching to educate children with Special Educational Needs, under the Inclusion module children with Special Educational Needs have to spend their time with non-disabled children. Inclusion rejects the rights to put a child in need to a special school, inclusion is about mixing all the children together the one in need and the ones that they are not in need, to have the right to be educated in the same way and to meet everybody’s needs and abilities. Integration in Special Educational Needs means the rights of the children, and supporting those children by following the law, Education Act. While the Segregation has a meaning of separating children from each other, the ones that have a disability should be placed to special school and the ones that are in the term ‘normal’ should go to the mainstream schools, also segregation means the discriminations of children from the race, religion and types of disabilities. According to Education and Skills Under the 1944 Education Act, children with special educational needs were categorised by their disabilities defined in medical terms. Many children were considered to be uneducable pupils were labelled into categories such as maladjusted or educationally sub-normal and given special educational treatment in separate schools. According to the article wrote for the inclusion week has said: The 1981 Education Act This law brought in the first duty on LEAs to educate disabled children in mainstream schools, taking account of parents wishes and establishing three conditions that were to be met before it could happen. These conditions were: the disabled child can be educated in the ordinary school, other childrens education will not be adversely affected, and there is an efficient use of resources. By late 1960s and into early 1970s parents, disability groups began to subject the policy of segregated special schools; they argued that continued segregation could no longer be justified. Demands were increasingly made, not only from community but from those adults who experienced segregation provision. The Warnock report in arly 1970s said that educational professionals and parents had begun to put pressure to government to investigate the standards of national provision for children with needs, in 1973 Margaret Thatcher established a committee under the Warnock that educational provision should be reviewed in England, Scotland and Wales for children and young people with handicapped disability. The work was completed on 1978 and as it is final report 225 recommendations on the policy and organisation for children with additional needs. The Warnock report criticised the orthodoxy and segregation and argued that children should not be categorised and therefore children should have their own Special Educational Needs deficit and their needs should meet within mainstream schools. The report also shows that 20 per cent of children could experience a learning difficulty at some time. Finally in 1981 Education Act translated many of recommendation of the Warnock report and they were put into legislation. The term Special Educational Needs had a legal status and the term handicapped that was used since 1945 has finally ended. Furthermore the Act clearly articulated how children with Special Education Needs should be assessed and how the statement of SEN should be formulated. Finally children assessed with Special Educational Needs were possible to be educated alongside with their peers within the mainstream schools. Even after putting the law into consideration for children with Special Educational Needs to attend mainstream schools most of the settings had lack of money to implement the Act and they remained the existing system of segregation to the special school provision. In 1983 to 1991 the proportion of children being educated dropped by 12. 5 per cent and in some local education authorities the number of children that they were attending segregation provision was increased. The whole idea of the term Special Educational Needs was that children and young people to be educated, to attend mainstream school and to participate in activities same as normal children, but this outcomes did not follow, an national survey in United States has found that disabled people were less educated, also less likely to be employed, people with disability are marked as different. In 1997 the term Special Educational Needs has been replaced with Special Needs Education, this change in terminology distinguish the provision of Special Educational Needs. The idea of bringing to place the term Special Educational Needs was to categorise the disability of children and to include all of those who are in need to additional support. Under the 1994 Education Act children with Special Educational Needs were labelled by their disability, many of those children had no contact with the outside world and received no education whatsoever. The Warnock report 1978 followed by the Education Act 1981 changed the name of handicapped children to Special Educational Needs children and integrative which later was stated as inclusive which meant all the children to receive education, not depending on their needs or abilities. According to the web site, Douglas Silas Solicitors has been said: The Education Act 1944 originally established that childrens education should be based on their age, aptitude and ability. Eleven categories of handicap were described which included for example, educationally subnormal and delicate as well as blind. At that time, the general philosophy was that the child should fit the school rather than the school fit the child. 1974 saw the establishment of the Warnock Committee, leading to the publication of the Warnock Report 1978, which was named after Mary Warnock, the chair of the inquiry whose remit was to look at the needs of children with SEN. The Warnock Committees conclusions were that 20% of children in the school population could have SEN but 2% might need support over and above what a mainstream school could provide for. The Warnock Report recommended that there should be specialist provision for children with SEN which could protect the 2% and ensure that they received appropriate provision. The Warnock report was introduced under the Education Act 1981 but had no additional funding for the new process of getting the teachers trained. The Warnock report remained till 1990 but during this time many children were declined to receive special schools. The Green paper on 1997 was introduced to government to support children with Special Educational Needs also the UN statement. Government had looked again to the Special Educational Needs framework also SENDA 2001 and 2004 Special Educational Needs of the strategy for removing the barrier, Government had invest more money for Special Educational children from 2. 8 billion to 4. 1 billion in the last four years. The Warnock reports seem to be struggling to remain fit for the purpose of Special Educational Needs, there is a failure in the system to cope with raising the number of children with autism, emotional and social development. In 2005 Warnock had called the Government as emergency for reviewing the situation of Special Educational Needs particularly the concept of inclusive, while the Government had said that the policies do not need to be review they actually need to be changed from the ground. Ofsted and audit commissions known the issues of the reports therefor had said that Special Educational Need does not need to be reviewed. It has been four years already and Government has no answer for reviewing the policies and when prime minister has been interviewed he had said that there is a room for the policies to be improved and they are keeping Special Educational Needs under the review. Government still had not reviewed anything on Special Educational Needs policies but it has been said that they are looking into it in private. The review took place in 2010 from Government and it has been 30 years after actually took place. It has been said that Governments new policy has been softened on inclusion for sending the children with Special Educational Needs to the mainstream schools and for closing the special schools. Government vision for education of children with Special Educational Needs it provides clear national leadership. Early invention to make sure that each child who has learning difficulty to receive the need and help as soon as possible, also the parents of children with Special Education Needs to have access to childcare. Removing barriers of learning in every setting and making sure that inclusive practise is taking place in every school. Also by raising expectation and achievement by making sure that teacher are receiving the appropriate training for Special Educational Needs. Delivering improvements so then parents has a clear understanding of what to do for their children and where to get help for their children with Special Educational Needs. Overall in this essay I had a chance of understanding of the policies since 1981 also the Warnock report in more details, the integration, inclusion and segregation, Children with Special Educational Needs now are able to receive the same education as other children and are attending the mainstream schools. The meaning of term Special Educational Needs that in my point at the beginning of this course was completely different now I have an understanding that I think most of what I know I would not be able to put in words.

Research methodology, different types of philosophical

Research methodology, different types of philosophical Fischer (2004) states that research methodology is the study which raises all types of philosophical questions for the researchers to know and check the availability of their knowledge. Saunders et al. (2007) states that, the research design will be the general plan of how to answer the research questions and it should contain: Clear objectives derived from the research questions It should specify sources from which data is collected Consider the constraints that the researcher will have access to data, location time and money Discussing ethical issues Cooper and Schindler (2008) mentions that the research task is a sequential process involving clearly defined steps. They also state that despite the variation in steps involved, the idea of sequence is useful in developing a research and maintaining an order as the research progresses. According to Teresa and William (1997), research methodology provides a systematic, planned approach to a research project and ensures that all aspects of the project are consistent with one another. The method that has been used for this research is based on the research process onion as described by Saunders et al. (2007). The research goes through different layers of the research onion. The various layers are philosophies, approaches, strategies, choices, time horizons and techniques and procedures. This chapter is divided into three sections. The first section deals with the research methods that have been used for this dissertation. The second part deals with data collection methods. The last section deals with population and sampling. Research Onion- Adapted from Saunders et al. (2007) Research philosophy: Saunders et al. (2007) mentions that research philosophy depends on the way you think about the development of knowledge. It is the first layer in the research onion proposed by them. According to them, there are three approaches to research philosophy. They are epistemology, ontology and axiology. Epistemology constitutes with the acceptable knowledge in the field of study; ontology is concerned with nature of reality where as axiology studies about the researchers value in all stage of research process. They argue that the choice of philosophy depends on the research question posed and the researcher feels that the approach that has to be used is Epistemology. Jancowickz (2000) mentioned epistemology as personal theory of knowing and what researcher feels as knowledge, what he counts as evidence and proof and what he does not. Saunders et al. (2007) mentioned that there are three epistemological positions namely, positivism, interpretivism, and realism. Positivism: Saunders et al. (2007) mentions that if research philosophy reflects the principles of positivism, then we will probably adopt the philosophical stance of a natural scientist. According to Bryman Bell (2007) positivism is an epistemological position that advocates the application of methods of natural sciences to study of social reality and beyond. Reilly (2006) defined positivism as a belief that only true knowledge is scientific in character, describing interrelationships between real and observable phenomena. Interpretivism: This is a philosophy where researcher be critical of positivism and argue that rich insights, into complex world are lost if such complexity is reduced entirely to a series of law like generations. It also emphasises on the difference between conducting a research among people rather than tangible objects. Realism: This is a philosophical approach which is based on that a reality exists that is independent of human thoughts and beliefs. It holds many thoughts from positivism and it scientifically questions what is regarded as acceptable knowledge. In realism, the approach assumes a scientific approach to the development of data and underpins the collection of data and understanding of those data. (Saunders et al., 2007, p105). There are two types of realism namely critical realism and direct realism. Direct realism is what the researcher experience through his senses represents the world accurately. In critical realism, what the researcher experiences are sensations and images of the things in the real world, but not the real thing. Research philosophy for this research: Saunders et al. (2007) argues that usually a combination of positivism and interpretivism are generally used in the management of business research. However, the research philosophy varies according to research question. This research focuses on impact of sales promotions on impulse purchases. Various authors have discussed the phenomenon that happens and the researcher is trying to explore the consumer behaviour on impulse purchase. The philosophy that is used in this research is realism. For this the researcher uses acceptable knowledge in the field of impulse purchase and consumer behaviour to understand the impact of sales promotion on impulse purchase and consumer loyalty. The researcher collects and analyses data using acceptable knowledge for the purpose of answering the research question, so the research is more inclined towards realism. Research Approach: Saunders et al. (2007) states that all research work involves theories and suggests the clarity of researchers theory at the beginning of the research could inform the research the approach taken in designing the research. They, suggest two types of research approach of reasoning. They are Inductive approach and Deductive approach. Inductive Approach: In inductive approach, the researcher would collect the data and develop and theory with the result of data analysis. According to Saunders et al. (2007), the following are the features of inductive approach. Gaining an understanding of meanings human attach to events A close understanding of research context A collection of qualitative data A more flexible structure to permit changes of research emphasis as research progresses A realisation that the researcher is part of the research process Less concern with need to generalise Deductive approach: Deductive approach method is the way of testing a theory. The researcher will develop a theory and suitable hypothesis. The research strategy is the developed to test the hypothesis that is developed. Roboson (2002) suggests a five-stage model through which the deductive stage will progress: Deduct a hypothesis from the theory Express the hypothesis in operational terms Test the hypothesis Examine outcome of the inquiry Modify theory in light of results Research Approach for this research: The researcher has chosen the deductive approach over the inductive approach for this research. In deductive approach for this research, an initial stage presents a general hypothesis. This initial stage contains secondary data mentioned by various authors. This hypothesis is then tested using the data collection methods to answer the objectives. Research Strategy: According to Saunders et al. (2007), seven different strategies can be used for a research. They are: Experiment Survey Case study Action research Grounded theory Ethnography Archival research The strategy that has to be used can be chosen depending on research questions and objectives, research time and other resources that are available. (Saunders et al., 2007) The most feasible solution for this dissertation is the survey method. The survey method is associated with deductive approach. It allows the collection of a large amount of data from sizeable population in highly economical way. Utilising the questionnaire, data can be standardised allowing easy compilation. It is also a cheap option for the researcher. The survey strategy also allows collecting quantitative data, which can be analysed using descriptive tactics. The survey strategy utilises the designing and piloting of data collection method to ensure a good response rate. In the case of this dissertation, the researcher plans to distribute questionnaire among the customers and thus do the survey for this dissertation. This will be handed out by the researcher himself which adds to the cheapness of the survey. The researcher is also planning to do two mini focus group interviews among the customers. Looking at all these options, the researcher feels that conducting a survey will be the best way to collect data for this research. Research choice: According to Saunders et al. (2007), the two main methods of data collection are quantitative data collection and qualitative data collection. Qualitative data that is used in research would be usually a non-numerical data. It has open-ended information. Example: Pictures or video clips. Quantitative data that is used in data would be numerical data consisting of graphs or statistics. It includes close-ended information such as attitude, behaviour of performance instruments. (John and Vicki, 2007). Saunders et al. (2007, p 146) Saunders et al. (2007) mentions that the researcher can use used both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods. This is known as mixed method of data collection. Both these could be done at the same time or one after the other, but the methods cannot be combined. John and Vicki (2007) argue that the weakness of both quantitative and qualitative methods can be overcome by using both the methods. If we use mixed methods, different methods like interview and questionnaire can be used for the study. They also state that mixed method research provides more comprehensive evidence for studying a research question than using just one method of data analysis. This was also mentioned as the most practical method since the researcher is free to use all the methods to address the problem. In the context of this research, the researcher used a combination of both quantitative and qualitative data techniques to find the data. The quantitative data is analysed with the help of questionnaires and the qualitative data is analysed with the help of interviews. The attitudes and impulse buying behaviour and perception of customers can be studied using the questionnaire surveys. For the qualitative data analysis, two mini focus groups consisting of three members each will be conducted by the researcher. The researcher will use the respondents observation and researchers observation to conclude his findings. In short, the researcher uses mixed method of data analysis to generalise the findings. Time Horizon: According to Saunders et al. (2007), time horizons are needed for the research design independent of the research methodology used. There are two types of time horizons namely Longitudinal and Cross-sectional. Longitudinal studies are repeated over an extended period. Cross sectional studies are limited to a specific time frame. This research is also limited to a specific time frame and hence the cross sectional time horizon is used. Data Collection Methods: There are two types of data involved with this research. The first one is primary data and the second type is secondary data. The secondary data contains the literature review, which is the view by various authors about the topic. The primary data which is collected to prove the hypothesis presented which is collected using secondary data. According to Saunders et al. (2007), the secondary data may not match the needs of new research; aggregations and definitions may also be unsuitable, there for to resolve this primary data has been employed to answer the nature of the problem and test the hypothesis. In other words, the secondary data is the data that is collected for some other purpose while the primary data is collected specifically for this research. Secondary data: According to Saunders et al. (2007), the secondary data consists of both quantitative and qualitative data. It contains both raw data and published data. Bryman and Bell (2007) stated that it could provide an answer to the research question. They also mentioned about the benefits of collecting secondary data. It helps us structuring ideas, developing new concepts, widen new directions to data, sketch population and organise appropriate approach to the research. Saunders et al. (2007) also mentions that the secondary data should be viewed with the same caution that we view the primary data. The researcher needs to make sure that it will be able to answer the research question and meet his objectives. For this research, the researcher gathered the secondary data from journal articles and textbooks. The journals were electronically collected from the Emerald Insight (http://www. emeraldnisight.com) and Business source complete. The researcher also referred many books and magazines. Books provided the foundation for the topic and for the research methods. The journals helped to get an insight from various authors that discussed about this topic. Magazines helped to find the current situations related to the topic. Primary data: Primary data is collected for the completion of this research. It is the data collected from the survey and we do not have any previous results for this data. There are two categories of data collection available. One of them is quantitative data collection and the second is the qualitative data collection. Qualitative data: The data that is non-numerical and that cannot be quantified is known as qualitative data. Saunders et al. (2007) mentions that the use of interviews can help the researcher to gather valid and reliable data that are relevant to his/her research. There interviews are mainly categorised into two namely standardised and Non-standardised interviews. Standardised interviews will have interview-administered questions where as the other one does not have that. Under non-standardised interviews, there are two categories. They are one-to-one and one-to-many. The one-to-one is further categorised into face-to-face, telephone and internet/intranet based interviews. The one-to-many interviews are of two kinds; group interviews and internet/intranet based group interviews. This kind of group interviews come under a category called focus group interviews. (Saunders et al. (2007) p 313) This research will be using the aid of focus group interviews. The focus group method is a form of group interview in which there are several participants, there is an emphasis on questioning on a tightly defined topic and the accent is upon interaction within the group and the joint construction of meaning. (Bryman and Bell, 2007) The main characteristic of this interview is, it involves more than one interviewee and typically contains four to twelve members. According to Cooper and Schindler (2001), the two advantages of using focus group interview are to get a depth understanding and it is a chance to observe reactions to the research question in an open-ended group setting. For this research, the researcher conducts two mini focus group interviews. These interviews are used to increase the credibly of the research and to form a background for the questionnaire design. The critical analysis of the focus group interviews helped the researcher to critically analyse the sales promotion and its impact on impulse purchasing behaviour of the participants. The researcher was able to find two groups of respondents who were willing to give the focus group interview. These groups contained both male and female participants, with the age group between 15 and 30. The interviewees were asked questions about the sales promotional activities in the store. They were also asked about the factors that affect them to buy things impulsively and if price promotions affect the impulse purchase. The mini focus interviews helped the researcher in questionnaire design by exploring the responses of sample population to analytically test the hypothesis using quantitative data. The response from the interviewees pulled out the conclusions that sales promotions play an important role in impulse buying behaviour of consumers. Quantitative data: The quantitative data is analysed using survey method. For this research, the researcher uses, questionnaire for the survey method. Saunders et al. (2007) mentions that a questionnaire includes all techniques of data collection in which each person is asked to respond to the same set of questions in a predetermined order. They also mention that it is one of the most widely used data collection within the survey strategy. The questionnaires are used in the research as it permits prompt and honest responses from a respondent than interviews. This sort of response is required for extracting information such as personal information. The biasness that is likely to occur by the difference in phrasing questions to different respondents is also eliminated by using questionnaire. The convenience, availability of resources in terms of time and cost and ease of automating data entry makes questionnaire the best choice for quantitative data analysis. According to Saunders et al. (2007), various factors affect choosing the questionnaire for a research. They are The characteristics of the respondents to whom the researcher wish to collect the information. Importance of reaching a particular person as respondent Size of the sample required by the researcher for the analysis Importance of the responders answers not being contaminated or distorted The type of question that the researcher needs to collect the data The number of questions that the researcher needs to ask to collect the data There are two types of questionnaires namely self-administered questionnaire and interview administered questionnaire. Self-administered questionnaire is used in this research because of its advantage that it can be completed without the presence of the researcher. This is supported by Brace (2004) that the absence of the researcher makes the respondent to be honest and the respondent gets enough time to answer the questions. One important thing that needs to be noted is the language used in the questionnaire. A simple language is usually preferred than using technical jargons. Bruce (2004) mentions that double barrelled questions and jargon must be avoided in order to reduce confusion among both parties Bryman and Bell (2007) mentions that piloting a questionnaire should be an integral part of the process. Piloting is the process by which the questionnaire is revised and tested until the researcher and clients are happy. It helps the researcher to improve the quality of questionnaire and its efficiency in assembling data. A pilot test was conducted among five MBA International students to validate the questionnaire. Based on their feedback, necessary amendments were made to the questions. Table 2: Questionnaire description: Sl. no Characteristics Questions 1 Collects the demographic information from respondents Q1,Q2,Q3 2 Identifies the shopping details like frequency and average spending Q4, Q5 3. Identifies the sales promotional activities in the store Q6,Q7, 4 Identifies consumers impulse buying behaviour and factors Q9,Q10,11 5. Identifies if price promotion affects impulse purchase Q12,Q13,Q14,Q15 The researcher distributed the questionnaires in Tesco retail store, Parnell Street, Dublin-Ireland. The researcher ensured that the consumers got enough time to complete the questionnaire. This researcher did not give any hints to answer the questions and this helped the respondent to honestly answer the questions. The researcher used an online tool called Surveymonkey for the data analysis (www.surveymonkey.com). The response and the scales used are mentioned in the data analysis chapter Population and Sampling: According to Cooper and Schindler (2008), a population is the total collection of elements about which we wish to make some inferences. They also mentioned that to draw the conclusion about the entire population, some of the elements of the population are to be selected and this process is called sampling. Saunders et al. (2007) mentions sampling technique provides a range of methods that enable to reduce the amount of data that is needed for consideration. They further mention that this is an alternative to the census method. They provide alternative when; It would be impractical for the researcher to survey the entire population The budget constraints prevent researcher from surveying the entire population The time constraints prevents the researcher from surveying the entire population Results are needed quickly Mayolor and Blackmon (2005), mentions that sampling frame facilitates, conclusion making about the social units that have been selecting units that are representative of the population. Saunders et al. (2007) classifies the sampling techniques into probability sampling Non-probability sampling. In probability sampling, the probability of each case being selected from the population is the same for all cases, where as in non-probability sampling, the probability of case being selected is being unknown. Cooper and Schindler (2008), argues that, if the non-probability sampling is feasible, if the total population for the study is unknown. In this case, the population are the customers of Tesco, Parnell Street, Dublin. Non-probability sampling is further divided into five types: Quota Sampling Purposive sampling Snowball sampling Self selection sampling Convenience sampling This research focuses on impact of sales promotion on impulse purchase and consumer loyalty. In this research, the quota sampling is found to be more appropriate for the sampling. Saunders et al., (2007) confirms that with the help of quota sampling, population could be divided into specific groups. This helps in calculating a quota for each group based on appropriate and obtainable data. According to Barnett (1991), cited by Saunders et al. (2007), quota sampling is entirely non-random and is normally used for interview surveys. It is based on the premise that the sample will represent the population, as the variability in the sample for various quota variables is the same as that of the population. For this research, the population is categorises into specific groups. Appropriate estimate from each group is prepared to distinguish the quota based on reliable data. Each interviewer will be analysed and the data will be collected from each quota. The data that is collected are then united to obtain a full sample. The researcher selected the quotas according to the age group and gender. The customers were selected by the respondent randomly first. The researcher then checked the respondents criteria of the age group and selected the people he wanted. Sampling Frame: The frame elements in the population are called the sampling frame. Saunders et al. (2007) states that the larger the samples size, the lower the likely error in generalising to the population. Hence, suitable sample should be governed by: The confidence required in the data Margin of error that can be tolerated Types of analysis that needs to be undertaken Size of the total population The sampling frame in this research includes the customers in the grocery section in Tesco, Parnell Street. The sampling size, frame and population are defined as follows: Sampling Size: 100 Elements: Customers of Tesco, Parnell Street Units: Grocery section in Tesco Parnell Street Extents: Dublin, Ireland Sampling Technique: Non-probability sampling (quota sampling) Sampling Error: 5% Time: May 2010-Aug-2010 The quotas and total sample size are given below:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   AGE GROUP   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   MALE   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   FEMALE   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   15-30   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   25   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   25   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   31-50   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   15   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   15   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   51 and above   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   10   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   10   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   TOTAL POPULATION = 100 Time constraint was the main reason for the researcher to select a small population. The researcher ensured that the researcher were ensured ample time to complete the questionnaire. The researcher made sure that the questionnaire had a simple design with no technical jargons used which would have confused people otherwise. The researcher plans to distribute the questions to 100 people and expects a sampling error of 5%. Since it is a self-administered questionnaire, the researcher expects good response from the respondents.

Confucius :: essays research papers

Confucius   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If our government was run for the people, and not for the enrichment of its rulers, the US would be a more tightly unified nation. Confucius stressed that a government be run for the well-being of the people, and if that was applied today, results would be outstanding. Confucius also said to put aside military conquests and to work for the good of the country. Applied today, that would really help our USA.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Confucius taught that government should be run for the well-being of the people. For that to happen, more power has to be given to state governments, in order to really suit the needs of the countries people. The government could narrow down on the struggles of each part of the country. I think they would find a good number of the struggles to be similar. Therefore, stated would work together in order to solve universal problems. For example, you could eliminate a problem in Olympia, Washington and Miami, Florida at the same time. Because of their similar problems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another teaching of Confucius is to put aside military conquests and focus on the good of the country. The US definitely needs to do this. Every day on television we see poor, famined children persuading us to support their struggle. Them commercials should be outlawed. The commercials should be on the poor famined kids in the United States. We have our own poverty problem in our country. We should take care of that before we solve another countries problem. The U.S. has also money and military force in the middle east. Sure we get some valuable products from them, but we should solve our own problems before we decide to dive into the rebuilding of some foreign nation.

Fate and Pessimism in Far from the Madding Crowd Essay -- Madding

Fate and Pessimism in Far from the Madding Crowd      Ã‚  Ã‚   Fate plays a major role in many of Hardy's novels; both Tess of the D'Urbervilles and The Mayor of Casterbridge contain various instances where its effects are readily apparent. Moreover, Hardy's novels reflect a pessimistic view where fate, or chance, is responsible for a character's ruin. Far from the Madding Crowd is one of his earliest fiction; here, although it is much more subdued, fate and pessimism are still visible. It is shown throughout the book; Bathsheba Everdene sends a valentine to Farmer Boldwood as the result of her divination by Bible-and-key, Fanny Robin arrives at the wrong church for her wedding with Sergeant Troy, and a wave sweeps Troy out to sea so that he is assumed dead, only for him to return and be shot by Boldwood. Two of the characters, Troy and Fanny, along with her stillborn child, is left dead, and Boldwood is sent to confinement, labeled as being insane.    Nonetheless, fate and pessimism are much more subdued in Crowd than Hardy's later, grimmer works; whereas Tess is put to death, Bathsheba marries Gabriel Oak, the most obvious choice out of the three suitors. Indeed, Crowd is the happiest of Hardy's major novels. As for the more unfortunate characters, it can be said that they were not without fault, especially Troy. In short, Hardy has written a novel with a happy ending, where the protagonists are rewarded and the antagonists are punished.    At least, it would seem so. However, one must wonder if the "punishments" are truly just. And what about Fanny? It would be impossible to mark her as an antagonist. She is young and naà ¯ve, and her fate is unavoidable from the moment she falls in love with Tr... ...was possible. This optimism, balanced with traces of Hardy's early pessimism, makes Far from the Madding Crowd not a failed tragedy but "a significant novel in its own right-a kind of golden mean among the major works" (Carpenter 81).    Works Cited:    Beegel, Susan. "Male Sexuality in Far from the Madding Crowd." Thomas Hardy. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. 207-226.    Carpenter, Richard. Thomas Hardy. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1964.    Flynn, Paul. "Sergeant Troy: A `Wicked Soldier Hero' in the Victorian Military." Hardy Miscellany 2 (September 16, 1998). May 12, 2000    Guerard, Albert J. "The Woman of the Novels." Hardy. Ed. Albert J. Guerard. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1963.    Hardy, Thomas. Far from the Madding Crowd. New York: New American Library, Inc., 1960.

Analyzing Serve or Fail Essay

In Serve or Fail, by Dave Eggers, Eggers implies that college students have too much time on their hands that could instead be used for helping the community. He argues that college itself is time consuming and even with classes, studying, a job, and social activities there are still plenty of hours in the day that need killing. He also states that giving students the opportunity to serve the community in exchange for course credits hours will give students the motive to do so. Not only would the community be benefited tremendously but the students as well. Lastly, Eggers confirms his argument by providing facts and statistics from previous cases that were very successful. Eggers proves his argument by providing these three things in his article. He states â€Å"About now, most recent college graduates, a mere week or two beyond their last final, are giving themselves a nice respite.† Eggers believes that the students do deserve â€Å"free time† but to a certain extent. They shouldn’t just go to class and study 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, but they also shouldn’t play games and skip class either. Eggers begins his argument with personal experiences. Personal experiences is a great way to prove a thesis to an audience. He shares â€Å"during my time there, I became one of the best two or three foosball players in the Land of Lincoln.† Soon, he realized that even after all the fun and games there was still extra time. Therefore, Eggers decided to volunteer. He thought it would be exciting and maybe the start of a new hobby. He realized soon after that volunteering was not for him. It wasn’t that he didn’t enjoy it, he explains that he found a place he enjoyed volunteering at, but he didn’t have to volunteer, no one was forcing him to do this act of kindness; so, he quit. Because of Eggers providing us with personal experiences we can His second approach for his argument is offering the students credit hours in exchange for volunteer work. Doing so would give the students the motive to get up and make something of themselves by helping out in the community. He proposes the idea of trading twenty-five volunteer hours in exchange for one course credit hour, with a maximum of three credits per year. Also, to  account for the college curriculum, experience and requirements, Eggers believes that the mandatory volunteer work shouldn’t come until the student’s junior and senior year. Of course, first and second year students could still do the â€Å"exchange program† but it wouldn’t be mandatory the first two years. Eggers said, â€Å"A college history major might learn something by tutoring a local middle school class that’s studying the Underground Railroad†. Learning outside of a classroom is just as important and learning inside the classroom. Another approach from Eggers is provided by facts and statistics. Providing facts and statistics is a great way to prove a thesis to an audience. He provides us with evidence of successful cases from colleges, and some high schools, regarding his ideas. According to Eggers, â€Å"Some colleges, and many high schools, have such a thing in place, and last year Michael R. Veon, a Democratic member of Pennsylvania’s House of Representatives, introduced a bill that would require the more than 90,000 students at 14 state-run universities to perform 25 hours of community service annually.† Eggers points out that this plan sometimes won’t work for certain colleges and students, but even factoring those rare cases out, the sta tistics are still phenomenal; approximately 60 million hours overall! Eggers’ argument in his essay Serve or Fail provides us with personal experiences, motive for students, and facts and statistics that give us enough proof and evidence that we should test his theory throughout more colleges worldwide. Eggers also provides an underlying benefit of time management incorporated in his work, â€Å"What if graduating seniors already knew full well how to balance jobs, studies, family and volunteer work in the surrounding community?† Students learning how to balance class, a job, homework, and volunteering will greatly appreciate this action in their futures. Eggers giving us his personal experiences let us know that he has hard evidence against his claim. Students having the option of the â€Å"exchange program† gives them motive to work which will help the community. The facts and statistics say it all, if the community could gain 2 million or more service hours a year all because of a student participating in volunteer work once a month, could this be such a bad idea after all? Think about your college years; was there a lot of empty time? Did you goof off a little too much instead of doing something useful to pass time? Could you have volunteered to better yourself and your community in your spare time?

Speech Outline on Organic Food

Choosing Organic By: Kayla Ray Informative Speech SC105: T Th 3:30 Mrs. Becker March 4, 2013 General Purpose: To inform Specific Purpose: I want my audience to understand the importance of purchasing and consuming organic food. Thesis: Choosing to purchase and consume organic food is a smart and healthy choice for you and your family. Formal Outline of Speech Introduction I. â€Å"The way we eat has changed more in the last 50 years than in the previous 10,000. † Food activist, Michael Pollan, makes this statement as the introduction to a documentary titled Food Inc. which discusses the way food is being produced today in America. A. Now, there are many choices that can be made when trying to eat healthy. 1. Eating the recommended amount of calories, eating many fruits and vegetables, getting a sandwich from subway instead of getting a hamburger from McDonalds, or drinking water instead of soda. 2. These can all be good decisions, but is it beneficial if it is not organic? Of course it can be, but is it as beneficial? II. Eating organic food can do things for your body that non organic food cannot do. A. After watching the documentary, Food Inc. I was shocked to find out how our food is being produced and handled in America. 1. Is the process of how our food is made something we need to recognize? 2. Is it better for our food to be brought up naturally by hard working farmers rather than being abused, pumped up with hormones and filled with many other chemicals? 3. The answer to these questions should potentially be yes. B. Non organic food is not only less beneficial to eat, but has the potential to harm our families. III. [Thesis] Choosing to purchase and consume organic food is a smart and healthy choice for you and your family.IV. [Preview] I’m now going to inform you of how the importance of purchasing and consuming organic food relates to each and every one of us and can improve our quality of life. (Transition) First, let’s establish exactly what organic means. Body I. Organic food is different than other food in many ways. A. According to the first nationally certified organic grocer in the U. S. , Whole Foods Market, â€Å"Organic agriculture is a production method that emphasizes the use of renewable resources and the conservation of soil and water to enhance environmental quality. 1. When growing organic produce food is rotated in such a way to keep soil rich in nutrients and optimal for supporting many years of growth and supplying optimal amounts of micronutrients and minerals. 2. When raising organic livestock the animals eat food that's free of antibiotics, growth hormones, drugs, chemicals and pesticides. They also tend to be free-range which means all year long, the livestock are allowed outside and have the option of going inside if they wish. This allows animals to get exercise and fresh air, and live a more natural existenceB. In an article titled, What’s So Great About Organic Food, Jeffre y Kluger states, Organic foods of all kinds currently represent only about 3% of the total American market, according to the most recent numbers from the U. S. Department of Agriculture, but it's a sector we all should be supporting more. 1. And it’s projected that the numbers will just continue to increase simply because people are becoming more aware of the dangers and effects non-organic food can have on you and your family. Transition) Now, we all know how important fruits and veggies are in your diet, but how healthy can they be if they are filled with chemicals? II. Well, Organic food doesn’t contain chemicals. A. Whole Foods Market describes agricultural management practices as farming that promotes healthy eco-systems and prohibits the use of genetically engineered seeds or crops, sewage sludge, long-lasting pesticides, herbicides or fungicides. B. Some of the most popular fruits and vegetables contain the highest amount of pesticides. . There are no seasons in the American supermarket, says Michael Pollan, now there are tomatoes all year round, grown halfway around the world, picked when it was green, and ripened with ethylene gas. Although it looks like a tomato, it's kind of a notional tomato. I mean, it's the idea of a tomato. a. For example, we can take a look at these red grapefruit where one is organic and the other is not. b. We can see that the organic fruit is actually red, whereas the non-organic is discolored.This is the case because the grapefruit on the left was naturally ripened and the grapefruit on the right was most likely gassed with many chemicals in order to ripen. 2. According to Whatsonmyfood. org, 88 million pounds of pesticides are applied each and every year in the U. S. That’s nearly 3 pounds per person! a. Also, they state that an average American child gets five or more servings of pesticide residues in their food and water every day! i. If I could help it I wouldn’t want my kids even being aroun d that and I definitely wouldn’t want them to be ingesting it. Transition) Now, let’s take a look at livestock because another important part of our diet is beef and poultry. III. Organic animals are raised in a way that is natural. A. Whole Foods Market describes livestock management as practices that promote healthy, humanely treated animals by providing organically-grown feed, fresh air and outdoor access while using no antibiotics or added growth hormones. B. There are obvious differences in organic and non-organic chicken. 1. Such as the organic yolks being a much brighter yellow signifying that the chicken is eating greens and bugs instead of being corn fed. . This also leads to significantly higher nutrients that are present in the yolk. 2. To add to that, we can look at the picture of the two whole chickens. Which one would you choose? a. Notice the extreme size of the one on the left due to growth hormones and corn feed. b. Then notice the thick layer of yello wish fat covering the skin†¦. GROSS! C. But the biggest issue is what we find is in our beef. Many diseases are found in non-organic beef simply because cows are not evolved to digest corn. As Michael Pollan states in an interview on www. pbs. rg, as soon as you introduce corn, the animal is liable to get sick. You start giving them antibiotics, because as soon as you give them corn, you've disturbed their digestion, and they're apt to get sick, so you then have to give them drugs. That's how you get in this whole cycle of drugs and meat. 1. In the documentary, Food Inc. , they tell a story about a boy named Kevin. a. According to Kevin’s story, published on www. foodborneillness. org, Kevin had eaten three hamburgers in the week prior to his illness and died twelve days later from E. oli O157:H7. He was only 2 years, 8 months and 1 day old. b. Also stated in the article written by Kevin’s mom, Barbara Kowalcyk, each year in the United States, thousands of America ns suffer and die from preventable foodborne illness just like Kevin. 2. If we look to my images, we can easily see how much more lean and healthy the organic meat looks compared to the non-organic. a. Grass fed beef contains less total fat and calories, 2-6 times more heart healthy omega 3 fatty acids, and more antioxidant vitamins. i. All for the betterment of your health! Transition) These differences in organic and non-organic foods are affecting us greatly in every one of our lives and should definitely be considered. Conclusion I. As I have explain to you here today, choosing organic is a smart and healthy way to greatly benefit you and your family. A. Organic produce and livestock naturally have more nutrients and even though it all many cost a little extra it will make you healthier in the long run and prevent you from becoming sick. 1. This will even out the cost and actually possibly save you money! II. The demand for organic food is growing more and more every day.When yo u buy organic you are voting for a better food system in America. A. As Troy Roush, Vice President of the American Corn Growers Association, puts it, â€Å"People have got to start demanding good, wholesome food of us, and we'll deliver. † Bibliography Food, Inc. Dir. Robert Kenner. Perf. Michael Pollan, Troy Roush. Documentary, 2008. Film. â€Å"Frontline Modern Meat Interview: Michael Pollan. † PBS. PBS, n. d. Web. 09 Mar. 2013. . Kluger, Jeffrey. â€Å"What's So Great About Organic Food?. † Time 176. 9 (2010): 30-40.Academic Search Complete. Web. 9 Mar. 2013. Kowalcyk, Barbara. â€Å"Kevin's Story. † Kevin's Story. Center for Foodborne Lllness Research and Prevention, 2008. Web. 09 Mar. 2013. ;http://www. foodborneillness. org/leadership/140- kevins-story. html;. â€Å"Organic Food What Does â€Å"Organic† Mean? † Organic Food | Whole Foods Market. Whole Foods Market, 2013. Web. 09 Mar. 2013. ;http://www. wholefoodsmarket. com/about-our- products/organic-food;. â€Å"Pesticides: A Public Problem. † What’s On My Food? Pesticide Action Network North America, 2010. Web. 09 Mar. 2013. ;http://www. whatsonmyfood. org/index. jsp;.