Monday, July 22, 2019
Byzantine vs. Roman Empire Essay Example for Free
Byzantine vs. Roman Empire Essay The Byzantine Empire actually ruled under the Roman Empire until Its demise In AD 476. Both of these empires were located near the Mediterranean Sea and both had a written set of laws. Emperor contanune the First converted to chrlstlanlty after ordering his soldiers to put a cross on their shields and then being victorious in battle. After his conversion, he united the military power of Rome with the young Roman Catholic Church. Because of this union he was able to conquer much of the known world at he time. In the Byzantine Empire, Christianity and the differing ideas about it caused great conflict. When the idea of religious icons came about, Emperor Leo Ill created Iconoclasm, which permitted the smashing of these religious icons. The events following the creation of Iconoclasm showed how distant the church was from the government. Eventually the quarrel led to the separation of the Catholic Church from the Eastern Christian Church, known as the Great Schism. This resulted in the Orthodox Church. Despite the differences in the effects that Christianity had on each Empire, it is clear that in both societies, religion was always in opposition with the government. There were many factors that led to the decline of both the Roman and the Byzantine Empires. In Rome, the empire simply became too large. They had to resort to using mercenaries to defend their excess land, but they often rebelled against the government. The separation of the empire into east and west also proved to be detrimental to the empire. The western side, the Romans, was defeated by Germanic barbarians who unseated their last emperor, a 14 year old boy, In AD 476. Although the Eastern Roman Empire, Byzantium, survived for another 1,000 years, Its Inevitable demise came about through the arrival of the Bubonic Plague, which was only the first crisis that moved the empire towards collapse. Byzantium was also constantly faced with military challenges from outside Invaders, and the Great Schism eliminated any possibility of outside help. The Byzantines used a multitude of tactics to try to keep enemies away, but the empire eventually fell to the Ottoman Turks In 1453. Both the Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire held an alarming amount of xternal enemies, which undoubtedly was crucial In the demise of the empires; however It was mainly Internal conflicts that destroyed both empires. Justinian ended up winning back a large part of the territory Ancient Rome had ruled at i ts height, including Italy and parts ot Spain and Nort Roman and the Byzantine Empires differed in a multitude of ways despite their direct link to each other, they were also similar in their location, their religious opposition to the government, and their severe internal problems.
Sunday, July 21, 2019
The Theory of Comfort by Katherine Kolcaba
The Theory of Comfort by Katherine Kolcaba The Theory of Comfort by Katherine Kolcaba is middle range theory. Middle range theories contain a limited number of concepts and have a more limited scope. However, Kolcabas Theory of Comfort is classified as a high middle range theory making it a more general and abstract theory. Making it closely related to a Grande Theory which is very abstract and general and can be applied to a variety of experiences and responses (McEwen Wills, 2011). This is very true for The Theory of Comfort as many articles have been written adapting the theory to multiple scopes of nursing. Middle range theories include something specific related to nursing practice such as a situation or condition of a patient or patient population. Middle range theories also take into account the populations age and location when working on the development of a theory. A middle range theory also includes an intervention, proposed outcome, or an action of the nurse. Middle range theories are developed by interpreting and observing lived experiences with a relation to health and nursing (Tomey Alligood, 2002). In Katherine Kolcabas Theory of Comfort she spent much time examining the relationships and outcomes of patients in relation to comfort. Context Katherine Kolcaba originally wrote the Theory of Comfort with Alzheimers and dementia patients in mind. However, Katherine herself has co-written multiple articles about other scopes of nursing related to her theory. Two recent articles were written applying her theory to perianesthesia nursing and hospice nursing (Kolcaba Wilson, 2002 and Vendlinski Kolcaba, 1997).When Kolcaba was developing her theory she utilized logical reasoning. She utilized induction, deduction, reduction. Kolcaba utilized a preexisting framework as her antecedent. The framework was written by Henry Murray (Tomey Alligood, 2002), it was from a book entitled Explorations in Personality. Henry A. Murray was a professor of psychology at Harvard University; he received the Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award from the American Psychological Association and the Gold Medal Award for lifetime achievement from the American Psychological Foundation. When it first came out in 1938, this book had a provocative and insightful effect, urging psychologists to study personality holistically and in depth and emphasizing the complex interactions between individual, social, and cultural characteristics. Salvatore R. Maddi, Professor, Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, School of Social Ecology, University of California, Irvine (Explorations in Personality, 2007). This was a very good starting point for the theory as comfort is best achieved through holistic treatment. She also began with a concept analysis of the term, comfort. Katherine Kolcaba gathered the definition, of comfort from many different disciplines. Within The Theory of Comfort the metaparadigm proposition of nursing actions is utilized (Kolcaba, 2001). This is evident in this theory because it is built around evaluating for the lack of comfort and then reevaluating the patient to calculate the success of any implementations made or actions taken. Katherine Kolcaba utilizes the all four of the metaparadigm concepts: nursing, patient, environment, and health. In nursing there is an assessment of comfort needs, actions to promote comfort, and then the reassessment of comfort levels. The assessment and reassessment can be either subjective or objective. The patient can be an individual or their family. The environment is any part of the patients surroundings that can be manipulated by the nurse to enhance the patients comfort. Finally, health is the optimum functioning of the patient (Tomey Alligood, 2002).The author believes that Kolcaba does utilize all four of the metaparadigm because the patient is the center. The nurse is essential because the nurse provides the care to increase the comfort. The environment also plays an essential role in this theory as comfort or discomfort can be found in the patients environment. Finally the author believes that when all of these three are in cooperation to create comfort the patient wil l then have an increase in their health. The philosophical claim that The Theory of Comfort is based on is human needs. There are two core components of this philosophy. There first is the motivational drive that is behind human behavior. The second is the force driven by social and cultural politics that influences the patients expectations. Patients comfort needs are driven by their expectations of competent and holistic nursing care (Kolcaba, 2001). The world view that fits The Theory of Comfort most concisely is the reciprocal world view this fits well because human beings are active and holistic. Humans interact with their environment and this interaction may lead to pain, displeasure, or comfort. Humans learn from their experiences and this leads them to the ability to make decisions that can keep them in a more comfortable environment. Content The Theory of Comfort has six basic concepts: health care needs, nursing interventions, intervening variables, patient comfort, health seeking behaviors, and institutional integrity (Kolcaba, 2001). Health care needs are defined as the need for comfort that comes from stressful health care situations. The types of needs that can arise are: physical, psychospiritual, social, and environmental, these are the same terms that Kolcaba uses to evaluate the effectiveness. These needs are made apparent through close monitoring (Tomey Alligood, 2002). Nursing interventions are defined as the commitment of nursing and health care institutions to promote comfort care and meet the comfort needs of patients (Kolcaba, 2001). Intervening variables is anything that affects the outcome (Kolcaba, 2001). Some possible variables include: past experience, age, attitude, emotional state, support system, prognosis, and finances (Tomey Alligood, 2002). Patient comfort is defined as, immediate state of bei ng strengthened by having needs met in 4 contexts of human experience, (physical, psychospiritual, social, and environmental) (Kolcaba, 2001). Health seeking behaviors is defined as, the pursuit of health as defined by the recipient, in consultation with the nurse, (Tomey Alligood, 2002). Instructional integrity is an institution that possess qualities of completeness, honesty, sincerity and is also appealing (Tomey Alligood, 2002). Katherine Kolcaba has a total of six propositions that outline her theory of comfort. The first of the six is that a nurse identifies the comfort needs that have not yet been identified by the patients other support systems. The second proposition is that the nurse is then responsible for designing interventions to address those unmet needs of the patient. The third is taking into account the variables that could affect the intervention that has been proposed to help the patient. The forth proposition by Kolcaba is that once the comfort is met or achieved that patients are encouraged to engage in health seeking behaviors. The fifth proposition is that once a patient has been strengthened and are participating in health seeking behaviors they are then more satisfied with their health care. The last proposition of The Theory of Comfort is when a patient is satisfied with their health care in a particular institution that institution retains its integrity (Kolcaba, 2001). All six of the propositions are relational in the streamline. All six of the propositions have to take effect for the patient to be brought to an acceptable level of comfort with that level of comfort being maintained for an extended period of time. All six of Katherine Kolcabas propositions are relational as they are a streamlined reevaluating process that depends on all parts for success and structurally necessary to have holistic health. Katherine Kolcaba has listed four major assumptions in her Evolution of the Theory of Comfort. The first is human beings have holistic responses to complex stimuli (Kolcaba, 2001). The second is that comfort is a desirable holistic outcome that is relevant to the discipline of nursing. The third is, it is an active endeavor to meet and maintain comfort. The fourth and final assumption is that institutional integrity has a large component that is based on a patient oriented value system (Kolcaba, 2001). Katherine Kolcabas diagramed conceptual model consists of the basic principles of The Theory of Comfort. The health care needs, nursing interventions, and intervening variables all work in cooperation to become enhanced comfort. Enhanced comfort then leads to health seeking behaviors. The facility or company who has in use best policies and best practices will then be able to promote and relate health seeking behaviors utilizing those policies and practices. Health seeking behaviors then have the ability to become internal and external behaviors which can lead to greater health. The health seeking behaviors may also lead to a peaceful death, (The Comfortliners, 2010) as this is the goal of hospice nursing and the Theory of Comfort has been utilized in hospice nursing (Vendlinski Kolcaba, 1997). This concept is much easier to visualize than read. In order to evaluate the success of achieving comfort Katherine Kolcaba has developed a table or taxonomic structure to document comfort. On the left side of the chart are four rows labeled, physical, psychospiritual, environmental, and social, (Tomey Alligood, 2002) which are the context for which comfort occurs. The three columns on top are the types of comfort, relief, ease, and transcendence, (Tomey Alligood, 2002). Kolcaba defines relief as the stated of having had a specific need met or mediated, ease is, the state of calm and contentment, and transcendence is, the state in which one rises above problems or pain, (Kolcaba, 2001). When evaluating a patients comfort the nurse fills in the twelve empty squares with what action helps to achieve that level of comfort. Theory Evaluation Significance Comfort is a massively important concept of nursing and The Theory of Comfort is designed to bring comfort to patients. The diagrammed conceptual model provides the simplest explanation for the theory. The metaparadigm concepts are not clearly defined by Katherine Kolcaba; however she does clearly states the philosophical claim and its concepts. The conceptual framework and antecedent knowledge is minimally defined within her work, but they are acknowledged and cited. Internal consistence The content and context reflect each other nicely as they are both centered around holistic comfort, however the clarity throughout the theory is minimal. The six propositions of The Theory of Comfort are clearly stated by Katherine Kolcaba. The six propositions flow consistently to outline the theory well. The assumptions are clearly stated and are consistent with comfort and treating the patient holistically. The theory is reciprocal as all parts are dependent on the others for success. Parsimony Throughout The Theory of Comfort there is minimal clarity. The propositions and the conceptual diagram are the clearest components of the work. The theory would be more understandable if it were stated more simply. Testability The Theory of Comfort does not have a very specific evaluation processes aside from the taxonomic structure that the nurse fills in by documenting what implementations help to achieve comfort, which was previously mentioned. However with regular nursing assessments the nurse will know if comfort has been achieved, either objectively or subjectively. The best way to measure comfort rather a nurse is utilizing this theory or not is to frequently ask and objectively assess a patient and notice nonverbal indications of pain. As with any high middle range theory, The Theory of Comfort is very abstract and proves difficult to measure results in a definitive method. Empirical adequacy The Theory of Comfort has been adapted to several different fields of nursing aside from its original focus of dementia care. Perianesthesia nursing has adapted this theory to help patients especially by utilizing the table to document different methods of obtaining comfort. It has also lead nurses in this scope of practice to realize the importance of education (Kolcaba Wilson, 2002). The theory has also been utilized by hospice nurses, this is the ideal scope of nursing to utilize this theory. It has provided hospice nurses with a broader outlook on how to provide holistic comfort to their dying patients (Vendlinski Kolcaba, 1997). Pragmatic adequacy The Theory of Comfort is a very practical concept as everyone feels better when they are comfortable. Patients and families are more able and willing to absorb information when they are comfortable and focused. This theory provides simple steps to ensure comfort is being delivered. The Theory of Comfort encourages nurses to think more deeply about rather or not their patient is comfortable, along with what is causing discomfort and what is promoting comfort. It also encourages nurses to document the variation of methods in which a patient becomes comfortable in different settings. A basic nursing knowledge such as an associates degree is necessary for utilizing this theory, however in order to understand the written theory in its entirety a more advanced knowledge level proves to be a necessity.
Saturday, July 20, 2019
Surgical Treatment For Morbid Obesity Essay -- Overweight Obese Resear
According to the World Health Organization, globally there are now more than 1 billion overweight adults, and at least 300 million of them are obese. During the last 40 years, obesity has reached epidemic proportions. There are more obese people each year, and the severity is increasing. In the United States alone, 300,000 deaths are associated with obesity. Thesis: Many obese people fail diet after diet. For them, bariatric surgery is an option even though risks are involved (Flancbaum, et al. 7; Goodman par 3; â€Å"The Weight†par 2). Overview      Obesity is climbing the charts as being a major killer of our population. This paper informs the reader on how bariatric surgery treats the severely obese. Focus is given on who should have bariatric surgery, how the surgery works, risks of bariatric surgery, and what the patient can expect. Bariatric surgery is reserved for people who have been unable to lose weight on professionally managed weight-loss programs and those with obesity-related conditions such as diabetes, or the risk of them. When surgery is an option for weight loss      The best candidates for bariatric surgery are patients who have a body mass index (BMI) of 40 or greater, or 35 or greater and associated obesity-related conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, and sleep apnea (see figure 1.1, pg 8 & table 1, pg 6). In terms of pounds, qualifying for surgery estimates to being 100 pounds above ideal body weight. A patient must have also gone through some sort of organized weight loss program in the past, and failed to maintain weight loss (Flancbaum, et al.15). How surgery promotes weight loss Gastrointestinal surgery for obesity, also called bariatric surgery, alters the digestive process. The operations promote weight loss by closing off parts of the stomach to make it smaller. These procedures are referred to as restrictive procedures because they cut down on the amount of food the stomach can hold. These types of procedures are less common due to the complications involved (Flancbaum, et al. 27, 52). The most popular operations combine stomach restriction with a partial bypass of the small intestine. These procedures create a direct connection from the stomach to the lower segment of the small intestine, literally bypassing portions of the digestive tract that absorb calories and nutrients. These are known as malabsorp... ... relation to BMI* BMI     Obesity Category     Health Risks Without Medical Problems     Health Risks With Medical Problems Below 19     Underweight     Slight     Minimal 19-24     Normal     None     Minimal 25-29     Overweight     Minimal     Moderate 30-34     Obese     Moderate     High 35-39     Severely Obese     High     Very High 40-49     Morbidly Obese     Very High     Extreme 50+     Super Obese     Extreme     Very Extreme * Classification based upon World Health Organization; see The Doctor’s Guide to Weight loss Surgery. Table 2: Weight Loss Surgery on Obesity-Related Conditions Condition     Improved     Completely Resolved Type II diabetes     93 percent     89 percent Hypertension     90 percent     66 percent Abnormal blood lipids     85 percent     70 percent Sleep apnea     72 percent     40 percent See The Doctor’s Guide to Weight Loss Surgery. Table 3: Complications after Weight Loss Surgery      RYGB     VBG Protein-calorie malnutrition     0     0 Micronutrient & vitamin deficiency     10-20 percent     Flancbaum L, Belsley S, Drake V, Colarusso T, Tayler E J Gastrointest Surg. 2006 Jul-Aug; 10(7):1033-7.
To be a counselor :: essays research papers
When coming to camp as a camper and a CIT, the two things that left the most lasting impression on me were having good times with people that I love and learning to live a more Christian life. I know that I am far from perfect, but I hope that I can be an example to my campersand show them by my actions how to live the Orthodox way. Even in the little things like leading evening prayers as a cabin, or being a guide as to what is appropriate to say or do, I pray that I will be able to show my campers how to best enjoy their time at the Village, and grow as Orthodox Christians. As a counselor, I anticipate being a member of an awesome group of people who can count on each other to assist in performing the tasks of the job, and to be there for one another whenever they need it. When I recently attended the OCF College Conference at the Village, I saw that a lot of the people who were counselors over the summer had become best friends and would do anything for each other. I couldn’t even begin to imagine what that must feel like since I was only at camp for two weeks while they spent nine or more weeks together building this unbreakable bond. I want to be able to be a part of that bond and offer everyone else on staff that same love, trust, and fellowship that they all share. If I become a counselor and I can accomplish the things I have just talked about with regards to the campers and the other staff, I believe that I will get everything I want out of my experience. I want to be closer to God. Where else can I go to be with hundreds of other Orthodox Christians who all want to help each other live the
Friday, July 19, 2019
The First Monster at Heorot in Beowulf :: Epic of Beowulf Essays
The First Monster at Heorot in Beowulf When Grendel monstrously bursts into Heorot, tears down the heavy door with his beastly hands and instantly devours a Geatish warrior, it immediately tells us that the first climax of the epic Beowulf has arrived. As Beowulf carefully watches Grendel take action, Grendel reaches out to snatch Beowulf as his next meal. Surprised, Grendel becomes extremely frightened to discover that there is another being stronger than himself when Beowulf, using his vice-like grip, pulls Grendel’s arm from his socket. The monster, Grendel, howls with pain and runs out of Heorot leaving his blood-spattered arm still in Beowulf’s hands. An enormous celebration is thrown to record Beowulf’s victory by reciting and singing stories about the past kings. A Danish scop recites the story of Sigemund, a great hero who slays a horrible dragon. The dragon is a keeper of a treasure chest that Sigemund wins by slaying the dragon. The treasure won by Sigemund resembles the gold rewards earned by Beowulf from the ring-giver, King Hrothgar. This Norse myth is obviously recited at Beowulf’s celebration to compare both Sigemund’s and Beowulf's heroic acts. The Danish warriors want to show their appreciation to Beowulf with such mythology: â€Å"This man undertook with his art to recite in turn Beowulf’s exploit, and skillfully to tell an apt tale, to lend words to it†(Tuso 16). What is so remarkable about the epic Beowulf is that the narrator contrasts Beowulf's super-heroic accomplishments with Heremod. Heremod is known as an evil Danish king who turns against his own people. This is clearly a symbol of the reverse of Beowulf’s characteristics. By comparing and contrasting Beowulf to two different kings, the narrator is indicating that Beowulf will be king later in the epic. Yet we readers shouldn’t immediately think that Beowulf will be an evil or a good king. This leaves us to carefully observe more of Beowulf's character throughout Beowulf. During the celebration, King Hrothgar delivers an appreciation and dedication speech to Beowulf and his victory. From Hrothgar’s speech, we understand that he feels himself to be bound in a new relationship with Beowulf by his great service. He states, â€Å"Beowulf, best of men, in my heart I will love you as a son†(Tuso 17). Beowulf readers should start taking careful notice as King Hrothgar gradually becomes a mentor and a father-like figure to Beowulf. To some extent, Hrothgar even gives advice to Beowulf about how to act as an intelligent ruler through his own experience.
Thursday, July 18, 2019
Massacre At Mystic
English Puritans assembled an alliance. They all had one goal; eradicate the most powerful tribe in southern New England, The Opaque Tribe. They began conflicting over property, warfare, division of labor and nature. The English thought the Puritan men were lazy because the women did all the cooking and gardening. The alliance made a deal to not harm women or children. On that night, the group, led by John Mason, snuck to the Opaque village, with the Intent to kill the men.The Opaque forces were too strong. The puritans then decided to burn the village, with the Bouquets Inside. Hundreds of Bouquets were killed, as well as some Englishmen, others were sold Into slavery. This, In turn, harmed the elderly, men, women, and children. The massacre was a tragic event that had forever changed America for the natives. The English believed that the only way of life, was their way of life. Their goal was western expansion. The Natives, unfortunately for the English, controlled all of the weste rn land. Puritans manipulated native enemies into killing one another.A systematic idea of killing all Bouquets began only a few weeks later. As a result, the Opaque tribe was considered extinct, even though little remained. The English hoped the few remaining would forget their ways. The Narragansett Tribe, approximately eighty years later, was destroyed in the King Philips War. The final Bouquets reemerged in Connecticut on a reservation appointed by the government. The land was difficult for survival due to insufficient soil and many other factors. Their reservation became smaller and smaller as the English began to take the land for arsenal use or for money.The Puritans goal of wiping out the Opaque Tribe was almost a success. Nearly three hundred years later, only three Opaque remained. They were all elderly women, living alone on the reservation. The women intended to restore the native tribe. Eventually, the land was returned to the Opaque group. The reservation was considere d a separate country from the United States. No taxes were enforced, in fact, none were created at all. There was a government and police force established. Enhancement Opaque Museum is a museum that tells of all the vents the occurred in the history of the tribe.The Pesto's main source of prosperity was the casino they built. It Is still, to this day, the largest casino In the United States. Nevertheless the Opaque Tribe still engages In the same rituals and old traditions practiced before the massacre. They still condemned mistrust and suspicion since the massacre. As of today the Opaque Tribe Is still considered nonexistent. Although some do not consider the Opaque as an active tribe, It Is notorious for their great recovery of the ancient ways and legends of the group.The Puritans we not effected by their expedition because they were under the Impression they were doing good. The tragic event eventually caused prosperity although many lives were taken. If the Puritans had not do ne this though, America would be a completely different place. The incident did, in fact, change American history and America today. BY Ian-11234 On May 26th, 1637, a group of Narragansett and Monica Native Americans along led by John Mason, snuck to the Opaque village, with the intent to kill the men. The the Bouquets inside.Hundreds of Bouquets were killed, as well as some Englishmen, others were sold into slavery. This, in turn, harmed the elderly, men, women, and prosperity was the casino they built. It is still, to this day, the largest casino in the United States. Nevertheless the Opaque Tribe still engages in the same rituals and suspicion since the massacre. As of today the Opaque Tribe is still considered nonexistent. Although some do not consider the Opaque as an active tribe, it is Puritans we not effected by their expedition because they were under the impression
Wednesday, July 17, 2019
Cultural Models and Cultural Dimensions
ethnical Models and Cultural Dimensions (Hofstede) Cultural studies atomic number 18 non a unified sup smirch just a several(a) field of study of study encompassing m rough(prenominal) b mild approaches, methods and academic perspectives. As in any academic discipline, pagan studies academics frequently line of functioning among themselves. Cross-ethnical communication, as in umpteen scholarly fields, is a combination of many a nonher(prenominal) an(prenominal) other fields. These fields include anthropology, ethnical studies, psychology and communication.thither exists no uniform evaluation system or model of heathenish aspects to date. However, the variety of the available models much much than illustrates how multifaceted the approach shag be. Nevertheless, in that location atomic number 18 some common attri just nowes for the some cultural models such as paper of autotridge holder and space, equal (or non-equal) rights of men and women and position of the individual in the society. The some touristed cultural models come primarily from the communicatory lookes lobby (1989), Hofstede (1991), Oksaar (1988).Wierzbicka is famous for her playact in semantics, pragmatics, and plow-cultural linguistics and has complete the idea of so called Universal Human Concepts and their actualization in the language (Wierzbicka, 1992). Looking for an discriminate basis cultural model for this look a short equivalence of the close know models need to be done. The digressions acquire at the definition of nuance or pull down at revokeing any definition, at the objectiveness train (e. g. amount and homogeneousness of the interviewed persons) as well as at enjoyment of several(predicate) cultural proportionalitys.Table 6 contains a comparison in the midst of trinity most popular cultural models of Hofstede, Hall and Gesteland though the last mentioned should be touch on much than as a parade of a life experience in how to be take on in in business with advantage human racewide. Table 6 affinity of Cultural Models (Astapenko, 2008 92) This comparison demonstrates the lack of homogeneity of the search basis. turn the amount of the interviews done by Hall is comparatively high, he surveys hardly three countries. Gesteland on his hand does his seek without any statistics using his own experience.Comparing to this the cultural model of Hofstede is more proxy and homogeneous. He worked on interviews of IBM-employees in over 50 countries who t here(predicate)fore work in the kindred sector in comparable positions and subscribe a similar fond status. It is app arntly that either cultural model has to be approached with great caution and an un captious exercise of cultural marks emitlife lead to sour conclusions. But even if Hofstedes conceptualization of kitchen-gardening has attracted some criticism he is though one of the most renowned and most cited experts.The continuity of his qu eryes eject be discovered over decades and the approach of his scientific naturalise is still be employ and improved. Moreover, his enquiry approach establishes a connection to the ready prevention measures mentioned in Chapter 2. As his motley system will be apply to make a comparison of the knotty functions later in this chapter, it adds to the consistency of this root to explain his definition. Hofstede defines horti destination as the joint programming of the judicial decision that distinguishes the genus Phalluss of one chemical group or category of mickle from others (Hofstede et al. , 2010 6).Investigating elaboration is an attempt to catch full general trends among a large group of community on a actually general direct. and then, the findings in this report should not be applied on an individual level, as this may lead to miscommunication or even stigmatisation. There atomic number 18 different levels of culture (national, regional, ethnic, religious , gender, social class or even organisational level) nevertheless regarding Transferability of Road Safety measures the national level was suggested to be the subject for further research. rigorously speaking, the concept of a common culture applies to societies, not to nations.Based on elaborate research from 1967 to 1973, Hofstede developed a model that tries to nonplus culture through gain ground on quaternary lever, so-called cultural dimensions (given be down in the mouth). afterward researches added further dimensions which idlernot be fully evaluated here due to other focuses in this work out. The fuck description of the cultural dimensions after cave in be found on the website (Hofstede, 2011). The four of import(prenominal) dimensions harmonise to Hofstede argon Power aloofness Index (PDI) the accomplishment to which the less mightily members of organizations and institutions ( comparable the family) accept and stomach that supply is distributed unequal ly.Individualism (IDV) the percentage load to which individuals are structured into groups. masculinity (MAS) refers to the statistical distribution of roles and value between the genders. The women in female countries have the same modest, machineing values as the men in the manful countries they are somewhat assertive and competitive, but not as much as the men, so that these countries fate a first step between mens values and womens values. suspicion scheme Index (UAI) a societys gross profit margin for un surety and am freeuity. Based on the values for these dimensions of the 19 atomic number 63an countries for which cultural dimension pretends are available, an median(a) atomic number 63an score was careful. After a comparison between Europe, India and brazil based on the official study data from Hofstede the research for metropolitan areas of Sao Paulo and Delhi which was done for this get off the groundicular project by the local partners using the question naire of Hofstede is being presented.On the basis of its results the project partners awareness of the cultural differences and similarities between brazil nut, India and Europe should be alter in order to assume them during the ecstasy of European Safety measures to Emerging Economies. This al pitiables to avoid misunderstandings and to exclude from the beginning those measures which potbellynot be transferred due to cultural reasons. 1. 1. 1. equality of Cultural Dimensions of Europe, brazil nut and IndiaA first issue that arises when comparing the regions that are cooperating in SaferBraIn is the difference in abstract levels how should one compare the cultures of two countries (India and brazil) with the culture of a continent (Europe)? Having some brainwave in the European states cultures, it is safe to joint that signifi targett differences sess be storied between the European member states. Therefore an average European score was calculated based on a numerical ana lysis of Hofstedes cultural dimension scores. flush if in that location are in some cases crucial differences between European countries like Italy and Germany, Spain and Sweden, this average score allows comparing the cultures of Europe, India and brazil-nut tree. The neighboring figure presents the scores on the four dimensions for these three regions. It must be in a bad management(p) at this stage that it is not the authors intention to make hard statements well-nigh cultures. As was indicated before, Hofstedes research enkindle barely be employ to describe general trends in the average culture of a coun hear. This should under no circumstances be translated to an individual level. accede 20 Comparison of Europe-India-brazil nut on Hofstedes 4 cultural dimensions attend 20 indicates that the power distance is relatively large in India and Brazil, compared to Europe. This could mean that individuals in these two countries operate in a more hierarchical system. Following Hofstedes definition, hierarchy in India and Brazil is not only accepted, it is also expected. It may be interesting to keep this in mind when analyzing the corresponding traffic systems and when designing wings to be implemented in these two countries.Especially concerning the enforcement of safe measures, the grueling power orientation influences its exercising. It is known that Brazil and India already have many alley facilities and road safe measures but they are not proper used by population. Due to that stronger enforcement measures are required to improve the acceptance of saucy technologies and facilities. ane can also notice that Europe appears to have a more individualist culture than India and Brazil. This run forency toward individualism can be found in several(prenominal) Western countries. The United States of America for example, have a score of 91 on Hofstedes scale.Individualist cultures rely more on media and less on their social networks. antithetical s urveys demonstrate that in an individualist culture employees are expected to act at their own responsibility and organise their work gathering their own interests with those of their employers. In a left-winger culture an employee is a part of a group and has to act fit in to its interest. This should be considered cooperating in pilot projects for SaferBraIn. Moreover, collectivist cultures tend to have high power distance that individualist ones.So a strong hierarchy and acceptance of higher positioned partners can be pre speculate working with India and Brazil. Considering assailable road users a health-care survey mentioned by Hofstede showed that individualist and collectivist cultures differently deal with disability. A special part of the survey was employ to disabled children. In the individualist communities , people with disabilities tended to remain cheerful and optimistic, to resent colony and being helped, and to plan for a incoming life as normal as possible.In the collectivist communities , there would be more expression of grief, shame, and pessimism family members would be asked for advice and assistance, and they would make the main decisions about the persons proximo (Hofstede, 2010 116). Translating this finding to the SaferBraIn project, it can be supposed that collectivist cultures like India and Brazil would not have sophisticated facilities for disabled VRUs and these persons would not be well integrated in the society. This could be and then a useful part of the sanctuary measures? ransfer though the awareness of local partners cannot be assumed. The scores on the masculinity dimension show the smallest differences between the investigated regions. The scores are about 50-60 which can be interpreted as a quite balanced value between masculinity and femininity in the compared countries. However, one can notice that Europe has the highest score. A thorough look at Hofstedes full definition for this dimension could interpret i t as follows Europe has a more assertive culture overall than India and Brazil, piece India and Brazil have a slenderly more modest culture.In sex act to this report, it may be important to bulwark these cultures higher need for modesty. Even if the masculinity dimensions scores are really(prenominal) different inwardly Europe, the average score demonstrates the prevailing masculine character. In masculine societies there is a feeling that conflicts should be firm by a good advertize, where challenge, earnings, recognition, and advancement are important, whereas in powder-puff cultures there is a p persona for declaration conflicts by compromise and negotiation pore on relationships.Since the scores difference for surveyed countries are minimal, this dimension cannot evoke critical misunderstandings within SaferBraIn project. Finally, the level of doubt Avoidance (UA) shows strong differences between the three regions. Though, UA is not the same as bump escape and t hese two concepts should not be mixed. take a chance is focused on something specific and refers on a known and expected event. Avoiding risk we prevent something what we can foresee and not what is completely unpredictable.Hence, it would be incorrect to purpose that showing a relatively low level of UA, a potentially higher sentiency for risk taking can be assumed for India. Cultures with high Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI) like Brazil or to a lesser extent Europe shun ambiguous situations and try to prevent them with more laws, rules, and regulations. Brazil has more law schools than all countries in the world together. There are 1,240 higher preparation courses for the training of lawyers in the dry land while the rest of the planet comes to about 1,100 universities (CNJ, 2010).Cultures with low UAI like India believe that many problems can be solved without formal rules and that the latter should be established only in case of absolute necessity. Paradoxically in countr ies with weak UA where rules are less stimulate they are often better followed. Translating these findings to the needs of SaferBraIn even when European experts can expect hindered possibilities for Road Safety measures enforcement due to low legacy level in India they can presuppose their better acceptance. On the contrary in Brazil it is assumed that every measure would first need a legal regulation.However, in countries with strong UA laws can fulfil a need for credential even when they are not followed. another(prenominal) finding done by Hofstede that is pertinent for SaferBraIn shows an interesting correlation between the attitude of UA and the maximum speeds allowed in the country. The relationship is imperious stronger uncertainty avoidance direction high-speed driving. Faster driving, other things being equal, meat more fatal accidents, thus more risk. However, this is a familiar risk, which uncertainty-avoiding cultures do not mind running.Their emotionality provide s them with a sense of stress, of urgency, which in turn leads to wanting to grounds faster. The higher speed limits in stronger uncertainty-avoidance countries show, in fact, a priority of saving time over saving lives (Hofstede, 2010 198). 1. 1. 2. Cultural look into for metropolitan areas in Brazil and India Brazil and India are countries of contrasts concerning climate, geography, income distribution, and educational level of its people. Because of the transmutation we cannot consider that knowing the countrys culture we also know cultural dimensions of its metropolitan areas.For this reason the Hofstede? s supposition of Cultural Dimensions using the interviews based on his questionnaire was applied in Sao Paulo city and Delhi the big metropolises which can be compared in their supplement and live rhythm and in which the use of western experience can be assumed. Local partners (IMR for Brazil and A+S for India) have initiated interviews of about 200 people each in Sao Pau lo and Delhi to have representative scores for these metropolitan areas. Of course, analogue researches can be done for every region or city where the transfer of pencil eraser measures is planned.The detailed information to the results of these researches can be found in Annexes 6 and 7. Though, the difficulties with the questionnaire are worth to be shortly mentioned at this point. Although questionnaires in local languages (Portuguese and Hindi) were used, the interviewees in India could not always interpret question unambiguously. It was established especially dealing with move and lower middle class that a certain level of education is affordable for the answers. many another(prenominal) easy understandable issues from the European point of view needed to be explained.In contrary, the upper-class representatives preferred to use the English interpreting of the questionnaire. The main outcomes of the research are the differences between Individualism (IDV) and Uncertainty A voidance (UAI) scores. For Brazil also the Masculinity (MAS) score features diverse scores. Power Distance Index (PDI) stiff very similar in Brazil and India for both country average and metropolitan area ( cypher 21). Figure 21 Comparison PDI incl. Sao Paulo and Delhi As mentioned before countries with high PDI tend to have well-built hierarchical relations within the society and need strong enforcement.Concerning exhausting of helmets to protect two-wheelers, Error Reference inauguration not found. should be studied. Following the law, the ride driver is wearing a helmet. At the same time more susceptible passengers (two children and the lady) are not protected. Hence, only the stronger member of the family, having more power, is protected. Figure 22 utilise helmet on motorcycle in India IDV (Figure 23) shows very high divergence between the country average and metropolitan area in both Brazil and India.Though, the development goes in both countries in confrontation directi ons. While the inhabitants of Sao Paulo turn out to be extremely individualistic the population in Delhi tends to more collectivism. Figure 23 Comparison IDV incl. Sao Paulo and Delhi With reference to the assumption in Chapter 4. 3. 2 according the interrelation between the individualism score and the treating of disabled following examples can be used due to motivate this assumption. Delhi roads are equipped with convenient, wide footpaths.Though, the level of most kerbs on Delhi roads is inconveniently high (Figure 24). This prompts pedestrians to walk along the wayside especially when they have physical problems in climbing high step. Figure 24 High kerbs in India However, in new-fangled projects like the Rapid Bus Corridor (RBC) in Delhi a segregated and safe corridor for pedestrians and non-motorized persuade is provided. Also for the VRU with disabilities special facilities like dropped kerbs, low floor buses or platform-bus adjustment are provided.In the City of Sao P aulo, where the individuality score is very high, dropped kerbs and tactile pavements are applied on most major junctions in the amalgamated part of the road system (Figure 25). Figure 25 Tactile pavements in Sao Paulo other example for extremely low IDV in Delhi is the unspoken rule to never baffle the roadway alone. They always wait to gather a group of some persons and cross the passageway in a herd feeling safer as a part of a group and providing counterweight to motored traffic (Figure 26).Figure 26 Crossing the street in Delhi Traffic rules require motorists to wind up once a pedestrian steps on the zebra crossing. Practically this rule is not being followed, and crossing busy roads at zebra crossings is as dangerous for pedestrians as elsewhere. Pedestrians cross roads either in larger groups or whenever opportunity occurs. Concerning Masculinity score the research shows that Sao Paulo has a very high MAS (Figure 27), even higher that the European average. Therefore a conclusion can be drawn that the society of Sao Paulo is more oriented on financial recognition, earning and challenges.Possessing a big and expensive car centre to be more powerful and respected. For this reason VRU have to subordinate whether crossing the street or waiting for a car blocking the footpath while store or property. However, when a pedestrian shows his power by stepping to the road and focusing at once and self-confident on the driver he will be accepted and the car will let him cross the street. Figure 27 Comparison MAS incl. Sao Paulo and Delhi In Delhi even having an expensive do not mechanically means to be more powerful.These cars can be scratched and damaged the same way as a simple rickshaw. Even animals are seen as the most vulnerable road users and are equal to others. These facts are related to the very low IDV which means that this society is relationship-oriented and tries to solve conflicts by compromise. sympathetic to IDV the tendency of the score for UAI develops in the opposite direction between the country average and metropolitan area (Figure 28). In Brazil it is drastically decreasing for Sao Paulo, in India it is slightly increasing for Delhi.It can be therefore concluded that in Sao Paulo new safety measures being to a certain stop always ambiguous would be easier accepted. On the contrary, in Delhi more enforcement and education measures would be needed to promote acceptance of new safety measures. Figure 28 Comparison UAI incl. Sao Paulo and Delhi To sum up the research has identify several crucial differences between the countries? scores and the scores for metropolitan areas. It is important to consider it when talking about transferability of road safety measures or working on pilot projects.
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